Browsing by Author "Idowu, P. A."

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A study of bacteriological quality of street-hawked milk in Ilesha Metroplolis, Osun State, Nigeria
(Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawan, B. M.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Coker, E. M.
Milk, a nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals, contains low bacterial counts when it leaves the udder, but it may get contaminated from the environment, exterior of udder, water, soil, milkers’ hands and utensils. Contamination can serve as a source of spread of certain harmful human bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis and food poisoning if consumed in raw form. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate bacteriological quality of milk samples collected from various localities within Ilesha metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty (20) samples of fresh raw milk were collected in sterilized bottles from various nomadic milk hawkers in Ilesha. Methylene blue reductase test, standard plate count on standard plate count agar and isolation of possible pathogens using selective culture media was carried out on the samples. RESULTS Of the 20 samples of raw milk collected for bacteriological analysis, 3 samples were found to be of excellent quality, 5 were very good, 4 were good, 5 were fair and 3 were of poor quality. The actual standard plate count for excellent and very good quality ranged between 33-54 and 62 - 80 colony forming units (cfu). The organisms isolated and biochemically characterized from the raw milk samples were found contaminated with Escherichia coli (4 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (5 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (3 strains) and Enterobacter aerogenes (5 strains). CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study showed that the milk sold in raw form could be hazardous to human health if sold without adopting hygienic measures.
A study of bacteriological quality of street-hawked milk in Ilesha metropolis Osun State, Nigeria
(Kenya Medical Research Institute, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Coker, E. M.
INTRODUCTION: Milk, a nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals, contains low bacterial counts when it leaves the udder, but it may get contaminated from the environment, exterior of udder, water, soil, milkers’ hands and utensils. Contamination can serve as a source of spread of certain harmful human bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis and food poisoning if consumed in raw form. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate bacteriological quality of milk samples collected from various localities within Ilesha metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty (20) samples of fresh raw milk were collected in sterilized bottles from various nomadic milk hawkers in Ilesha. Methylene blue reductase test, standard plate count on standard plate count agar and isolation of possible pathogens using selective culture media was carried out on the samples. RESULTS: Of the 20 samples of raw milk collected for bacteriological analysis, 3 samples were found to be of excellent quality, 5 were very good, 4 were good, 5 were fair and 3 were of poor quality. The actual standard plate count for excellent and very good quality ranged between 33-54 and 62 - 80 colony forming units (cfu). The organisms isolated and biochemically characterized from the raw milk samples were found contaminated with Escherichia coli (4 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (5 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (3 strains) and Enterobacter aerogenes (5 strains). CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study showed that the milk sold in raw form could be hazardous to human health if sold without adopting hygienic measures.
A Study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Ayedun, J. S.
Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter variedbetween 2.28x104 and 4.20x107. The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates;Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) andPseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from thisstudy to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.
A study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State.
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Burkina Faso, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.
Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter varied between 2.28x104 and 4.20x107 . The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates; Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from this study to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.
A study of skin sepsis amongst abattoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors, University College Hospital, Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.
Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between the infection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.
A study of skin sepsis amongst abbatoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors (ARD), University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.
Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus . It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between theinfection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolate of Salmonella entrica serovar Paratyphi and Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay of Trichilia megalantha harms and Trichilia welwitschii C.DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Association, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to p-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. T. welwitschii was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 - 5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5 - 10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400 - 500 pg/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi and brine shrimp lethality assay of trichilia megalantha harms and trichilia welwitschii C. DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. I. welwitschi was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 -5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5-10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400- 500 ug/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi and brine shrimp lethality assay of trichilia megalantha harms and trichilia welwitschii C. DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. I. welwitschi was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 -5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5-10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400- 500 ug/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi and brine shrimp lethality assay of trichilia megalantha harms and trichilia welwitschii C. DC
(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.
Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. I. welwitschi was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 -5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5-10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400- 500 ug/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.
Antibacterial activity of crude extract Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) and some selected antibiotics on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi
(Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria, OOUTH, Sagamu, Nigeria, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Kolade, T. T.
Background: Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of Typhoid fever. The public health significance of Salmonella typhi, the aetiologic agent in typhoid fever lies in the increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi compared with some conventional antibiotics. Methods: Antibiogram was carried out on 25 biochemically confirmed clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Nauclea latifolia leaves extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus were screened for secondary metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by agar dilution method on the isolates. Results: The antibiogram of Samonella typhi showed the following resistance patterns: Augmentin (24.0%), amoxicillin (44.0%), chloramphenicol (32.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cloxacillin (96.0%), ciprofloxacin (8.0%), erythromycin (60.0%), tetracycline (32.0%) and cotrimoxazole (60.0%). The extracts showed good antibacterial activity on the clinical isolates including those resistant to antibiotics. The MIC of methanol extract ranged from 1.56mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml and 3.13mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract with the exception of isolates 11, 12, 19 and 20 with high MIC values as 50mg/ml. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave a yield of 11.7% and 3.5% respectively. Bioactive secondary metabolites were detected from the extracts. Conclusion: The crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia contained antimicrobial agents that were active on Salmonella typhi which could be used alone and in supportive with conventional antibiotics for therapeutic management of typhoid fever.
Antibacterial activity of crude extracts and Alkaloidal fractions of Argemone mexicana Linn. (Papaveraceae)
(Ibadan University Press for the Science Association of Nigeria, 2012) Idowu, P. A.
Emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens has necessitated the need for continuous research to discover and develop new and more effective antimicrobial drugs. Medicinal plants have always been a potential source of antimicrobial drugs and varieties of lead compounds. Argemone mexicana, a tropical shrub traditionally used to treat eye infections, inflammation and infertility was investigated for antibacterial activity. Crude chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves and stems, as well as fractions and crystals from chromatographic column were screened for in-vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) Escherichia coli (NCTC. 9001) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 6570) using agar-cup diffusion method. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites revealed the presence of alkaloids (opium and indole types) and tannins. The crude extracts showed good activity at 100mg/ml against the bacterial strains tested while at 10mg/ml only E. coli and B. subtilis were susceptible. Ten fractions were isolated from column chromatography (nine of which were alkaloidal in nature), and they all showed varying but significant degree of activity on most of the tested organisms at 100μg/ml. The needle-like crystals recovered from methanol extract showed weak antibacterial activity on some of the test organisms. The study has shown that A. mexicana leaves and stem bark has antibacterial activity which justified the use of this plant in traditional medicine as anti-infective agent. Further, the fact that most fractions showed antibacterial activity is an indication that Argemone mexicana leaf and bark has many antibacterial constituents that are mainly alkaloidal.
Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seed and standard antibiotics
(African Society for Clinical Microbiology, 2006) Adeleke, O. E.; Ojo, O. P.; Idowu, P. A.
The methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds and eight standard antibiotics were tested in-vitro for comparative activity against 10 isolates of each of six bacterial species: Escherichia coff. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus. Streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all from throat infections. The methanolic extract exerted activity against all the bacteria tested almost in similar manner as gentamicin. Of the remaining seven standard antibiotics, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline showed activity against one organism or the other. Remarkably, augmentin, cloxaciilin and cotrimoxazole had no activity against any of the bacterial isolates. Amoxycillin was able to affect only 2 of die 8 isolates of Esch. coli. This has lent credence to the ethnopharmaceutical claims of the curative effect of raw-chewed Garcinia kola seeds on throat infections as well as highlighting the bacterial resistance to standard antibiotics, particularly, the ß-lactams.
Antibacterial effects of the leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii on some enteric pathogens
(Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University Gadau, Nigeria, 2023) Olufadi-Ahmed, H. Y.; Idowu, P. A.; Audu, H. J.
Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis as well as antibacterial analysis of extracts of Turraea vogelii (Hook F.) leaves and twigs on some enteric pathogens were reported in the current study. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids. In addition, the quantitative phytochemical screening showed that the greatest percentage yield was from the methanol extract with alkaloids (8.8%) and terpenoids (8.7%) showing the highest concentrations. The antibacterial effects of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Turraea vogelii at concentrations 80 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL each were studied by the pour plate method. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis (five each) obtained from University College of Health (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria were employed as test organisms. Gentamicin was used as control at concentration of 10µg/mL. Preliminary antimicrobial assay using only methanol showed antimicrobial activity in both leaves and twigs. Results showed that Escherichia coli was most susceptible to all extracts of the leaves while Proteus mirabilis was the least susceptible. For the twigs, Salmonella typhi was most susceptible to the hexane extract, E. coli was most susceptible to ethyl acetate extract and Proteus mirabilis was most susceptible to the methanol extract. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of leaves showed that its hexane extract is bacteriostatic at 40 mg/mL but at 20 mg/mL, it showed bacteriostatic activity against Proteus mirabilis. The methanol extract of the twigs had an MIC of 20 mg/mL for most of the isolates collected except the Salmonella typhi that had an MIC of 40 mg/mL. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the ethyl acetate extract of leaves and methanol extract of twigs was 40 mg/mL. This study has demonstrated the antibacterial effect of leaves and twigs extracts of T. vogelii on some enteric pathogens.
Antibacterial effects of the leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii on some enteric pathogens
(Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University, Gadau (BASUG), Nigeria, 2023) Olufadi-Ahmed, H. Y.; Idowu, P. A.; Audu, H. J.
Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis as well as antibacterial analysis of extracts of Turraea vogelii (Hook F.) leaves and twigs on some enteric pathogens were reported in the current study. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids. In addition, the quantitative phytochemical screening showed that the greatest percentage yield was from the methanol extract with alkaloids (8.8%) and terpenoids (8.7%) showing the highest concentrations. The antibacterial effects of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Turraea vogelii at concentrations 80 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL each were studied by the pour plate method. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis (five each) obtained from University College of Health (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria were employed as test organisms. Gentamicin was used as control at concentration of 10 μg/mL. Preliminary antimicrobial assay using only methanol showed antimicrobial activity in both leaves and twigs. Results showed that Escherichia coli was most susceptible to all extracts of the leaves while Proteus mirabilis was the least susceptible. For the twigs, Salmonella typhi was most susceptible to the hexane extract, E. coli was most susceptible to ethyl acetate extract and Proteus mirabilis was most susceptible to the methanol extract. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of leaves showed that its hexane extract is bacteriostatic at 40 mg/mL but at 20 mg/mL, it showed bacteriostatic activity against Proteus mirabilis. The methanol extract of the twigs had an MIC of 20 mg/mL for most of the isolates collected except the Salmonella typhi that had an MIC of 40 mg/mL. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the ethyl acetate extract of leaves and methanol extract of twigs was 40 mg/mL. This study has demonstrated the antibacterial effect of leaves and twigs extracts of T. vogelii on some enteric pathogens.
Antimicrobial activity of crude extact of Grewia Mollis Smith (Malvaceae) on clinical isolates of Escherichia Coli from cases of Diarrhea
(College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Ike, W. E.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Fasuyi, O. C.
Background: Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of primary intestinal infections, particularly diarrhoea and other types of opportunistic infections of humans. The antimicrobial, phytochemical contents and minimum inhibitory concentration of Grewia mollis Smith (Malvaceae) were determined in a quest to evaluate their potentials as sources of alternative medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea. Methods: The bacteriological investigation was carried out on 25 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from cases of diarrhoea which includes; sub-culturing onto eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 370C for 24 hours. Gram staining, lactose fermentation, indole formation from tryptophan, gelatin liquefaction and Voges - Proskauer test were carried out on the isolates. The antimicrobial, phytochemical analysis and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Grewia mollis extract were determined using Evans and Trease method. Results: Grewia mollis leave methanol, ethyl acetate and N- hexane extracts gave extraction yield 8.40, 3.86 and 2.55 respectively. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids were detected as bioactive compounds from the leave of Grewia mollis investigated. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract elicited remarkable antimicrobial activity in correlation to the polarity of each solvent.
Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extract of Grewia mollis Smith (Malvaceae) on Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli from Cases of Diarrhoea
(College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Ike, W. E.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Fasuyi, O. C.
Background: Escherichia coli is one of the leading causes of primary intestinal infections, particularly diarrhoea and other types of opportunistic infections of humans. The antimicrobial, phytochemical contents and minimum inhibitory concentration of Grewia mollis Smith (Malvaceae) were determined in a quest to evaluate their potentials as sources of alternative medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea. Methods: The bacteriological investigation was carried out on 25 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli from cases of diarrhoea which includes; sub-culturing onto eosin methylene blue agar and incubated at 370C for 24 hours. Gram staining, lactose fermentation, indole formation from tryptophan, gelatin liquefaction and Voges–Proskauer test were carried out on the isolates. The antimicrobial, phytochemical analysis and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Grewia mollis extract were determined using Evans and Trease method. Results: Grewia mollisleave methanol, ethyl acetate and N- hexane extracts gave extraction yield 8.40, 3.86 and 2.55 respectively. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids were detected as bioactive compounds from the leave of Grewia mollis investigated. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract elicited remarkable antimicrobial activity in correlation to the polarity of each solvent. Conclusion: Therefore, Grewia mollis leave extracts hold the potential for clinical application.
Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts and alkaloidal fractions of Argemone mexicana Linn
(Science Association of Nigeria, 2012) Idowu, P. A.
Emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens lias necessitated the need for continuous research to discover and develop new and more effective antimicrobial drugs. Medicinal plants have always been a potential source of antimicrobial drugs and varieties of lead compounds. Argemone mexicana, a tropical shrub traditionally used to treat eye infections, inflammation and infertility was investigated for antibacterial activity. Crude chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves and stems, as well as fractions and crystals from chromatographic column were screened for in-vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) Escherichia coli (NCTC. 9001) and-Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 6570) using agar-cup diffusion method. Phytochemical screening for secondary metabolites revealed the presence p f alkaloids (opium and indole types) and tannins. The crude extracts showed good activity at 100mg/ml against the bacterial strains tested while at 10mg/ml only E. coli and B. subtilis were susceptible. JTen fractions were isolated from column chromatography (nine of which were alkaloidal in nature), and they all showed varying but significant degree of activity on most of the tested organisms at 100pg/ml. The needle-like crystals recovered from methanol extract showed weak antibacterial activity on some of the test organisms. The study has shown that A. mexicana leaves and stem bark has antibacterial activity which justified the use of this plant in traditional medicine as anti-infective agent. Further, the fact that most fractions showed antibacterial activity is an indication that Argemone mexicana leaf and bark has many antibacterial constituents that are mainly alkaloidal.
Antimicrobial activity of garlic (Allium sativum) on selected uropathogens from cases of urinary tract infection
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Ezekiel, A. O.; Babalola, C. O.
Introduction: The etiologic agents of urinary tract infection (UTI) occur among both the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria including those that exhibit resistance to commonly used standard antibiotics. Both the male and female individuals can be prone to developing UTI. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been associated with antibacterial activity, though with scanty reports on uropathogens. This study was, therefore, carried out to determine the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic (A. sativum) in vitro against six uropathogens(Escherichia coli, Staphylococcussaprophyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Serratia marcescens) and a reference strain, E. coli ATCC-25922. Materials and Methods: The bacterial isolates were collected from the Routine Microbiology Laboratory, University College Hospital, Ibadan, and were authenticated by Gram staining and some conventional biochemical tests. The isolates were then subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against both the aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic. Phytochemical screening was also carried out on the plant. Results: Both aqueous and methanol extracts had maximum zones of growth inhibitions of 22 mm at 200 mg/mL and 25 mm at 200 mg/mL against E. coli, followed by P. aeruginosa with zones of growth inhibitions of 21 mm and 25 mm at the same concentration. Proteus spp., exhibited the lowest zones of growth inhibition of 16mm at 200mg/mL.and 10mm at 25mg/mL to methanol and aqueous extracts respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations MICs and MBCs of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of garlic varied for each organism. Escherichia coli had the MICs’ of 100mg/mL and MBC of 220mg/mL while the MIC and MBC of the aqueous extract on the Proteus spp. are 100mg/mL and 320mg/mL respectively. The MBCs recorded were relatively higher in comparison to the MIC values. Conclusion: These findings showed that garlic could be of therapeutic use in the management of bacterial mediated UTI.
Antimicrobial activity of Garlic (Allium sativum) on selected Uropathogens from cases of urinary tract infection
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Adeleke, O. E.; Babalola, C. O.
Introduction: The etiologic agents of urinary tract infection (UTI) occur among both the Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative bacteria includingthose that exhibit resistance to commonly used standard antibiotics. Both the male and female individuals can be prone to developingUTI. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been associated with antibacterial activity, though with scanty reports on uropathogens. This study was,therefore, carried out to determine the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic (A. sativum) in vitro against sixuropathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Serratia marcescens)and a reference strain, E. coli ATCC‑25922. Materials and Methods: The bacterial isolates were collected from the Routine MicrobiologyLaboratory, University College Hospital, Ibadan, and were authenticated by Gram staining and some conventional biochemical tests. Theisolates were then subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against both the aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic. Phytochemicalscreening was also carried out on the plant. Results: Both aqueous and methanol extracts had maximum zones of growth inhibitions of 22mm at 200 mg/mL and 25 mm at 200 mg/mL against E. coli, followed by P. aeruginosa with zones of growth inhibitions of 21 mm and 25 mm at the same concentration. Proteus spp., exhibited the lowest zones of growth inhibition of 16mm at 200mg/mL.and 10mm at 25mg/mLto methanol and aqueous extracts respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations MICs and MBCs of the aqueous and ethanol extractsof garlic varied for each organism. Escherichia coli had the MICs’ of 100mg/mL and MBC of 220mg/mL while the MIC and MBC of theaqueous extract on the Proteus spp. are 100mg/mL and 320mg/mL respectively. The MBCs recorded were relatively higher in comparisonto the MIC values. Conclusion: These findings showed that garlic could be of therapeutic use in the management of bacterial mediated UTI.