Browsing by Author "Olaniyan, O."

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A social cost-benefit analysis of the Nigerian liquefied natural gas (NLNG) project
(Ibadan University Press, Publishing House, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2006) Oyeranti, O. A.; Olaniyan, O.
Assessing the Transition from Survival to Sustainability: Case of Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary in Upper West Region of Ghana, West Africa
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2013) Olayide, O. E.; Popoola, L.; Olaniyan, O.; Dapilah, F.; Abudulai Issahaku, R.Y.
In the past 50 years, humans have changed ecosystems more rapidly to meet growing demands for food, fresh water, timber, fibre and fuel. This has resulted in substantial decrease in biodiversity, including the hippopotamus (hippo) population. There are currently about 150,000 hippos left in the world. Their status will change from vulnerable to endangered if threats are not controlled. The threats include destructive exploration and exploitation for human survival through hunting for ivory and meat, habitat loss due to flooding and destruction of hippo lawns along river banks. Sustainable exploration of biodiversity on the other hand ensures a balance in nature through synergistic cooperation in ecosystem services, human well-being as well as the direct and indirect drivers of change. This study assessed the emerging transition from survival to sustainability in the management of community-based biodiversity management in Ghana. Ghana has two hippo populations; one at Bui National Park and the other at the Wechiau Community Hippo Sanctuary (WCHS). The WCHS was established in 1998. It was chosen for in-depth analysis and assessment. The ecosystem assessment framework of interaction between ecosystems and drivers of global change was adopted for the study. The assessment was based on “before” and “now” scenarios to draw inferences for impact of community-based biodiversity management and sustainability. The WCHS provides economic alternatives to converting community-based ecosystems into sustainable economic ventures, including eco-tourism. The number of tourists to WCHS that stood at less than 500 persons in 2002 increased to 2,390 persons in 2011. The test of correlation between the number of local and foreign tourists revealed significant (p<0.001; ρ = 0.926) relationships in the influx of tourists to WCHS. This is evident by the increase in revenue that accrued to the WCHS. It also generated peaceful cohesion and aesthetics of the environment and development of property rights. The WCHS has led to the reduction in poverty and hunger through the generation of incomes, improvement in health through infrastructural provision, and biodiversity sustainability of local species. The case of WCHS demonstrates that biodiversity management founded on good communal relationships cannot only improve the livelihoods of the rural poor but also increase their resilience to face challenges as the people become more economically and socially resilient, and empowered to handle future threats to ecological imbalances.
Climate change, rural livelihoods and ecosystem nexus: forest communities in agro-ecological zones of Nigeria
(Springer, 2021) Fadairo, O.; Olajuyigbe, S.; Osayomi, T.; Adelakun, O.; Olaniyan, O.; Olutegbe, S.; Adeleke, O.
A top-bottom approach where local problems are treated in isolation has proven ineffective in achieving sustainable development. The need for inclusive approaches to managing the demand for arable lands, forest resources, and the problems of resource exploitation and climate change calls for local understanding of these elements’ interrelationship. Understanding the interrelationships among climate change, agriculture, and the ecosystems in different agroecological zones in Nigeria was the purpose of this chapter. Deforestation and forest degradation analysis approach was utilized. One state and two forest communities from each of the rainforest, savannah, and mangrove agroecological zones were purposively focused in this chapter based on forest distribution and cover. Focus group discussions involving 252 male and female farmers using 30 years as reference were used to garner relevant information. Climate variation caused a slight modification in cropping schedules of farmers due to prolonged dry season, mainly in the savannah region. Farmers engaged in mixed farming and also cultivate more hardy crops like cassava in response to climate uncertainties. Especially in the mangrove and savannah, ecosystem components such as agriculture and population showed increasing trends over the years as forest cover reduces. Downward trend in charcoal production was limited to mangrove and rainforest zones as fishing and hunting becomes vulnerable livelihoods across the zones. The degree and progression of climate change effects on the ecosystem in Nigeria agroecological zones is largely comparable and have both desirable and adverse livelihood outcomes. Affordable insurance policy, credit, agri-inputs, favorable forest regulatory framework, and youth empowerment supports would enhance sustainable adjustment to climate change.
Consumption and income over the lifecycle in Nigeria
(Union for African Population Studies, 2011-04) Olaniyan, O.; Soyibo, A.; Lawanson, A. O.
This paper utilises National Transfer Accounts framework to estimate age profiles of consumption and income over the lifecycle in order to determine actual period of dependency in Nigeria. The paper quantifies inter-age monetary flows of consumption and labour income and subsequent economic lifecycle deficit and the implications this will have for social policy and human capital development. The results indicate that given the profiles of consumption and income over the lifecycle in Nigeria, child dependency is for the first 33 years of life while old-age dependency occurs from 63 years upwards. The period of lifecycle surplus span 30 years from 33-63 years. The structure of consumption and income flows reveals that Nigeria has a lifecycle deficit of N3.5 trillion in 2004. Since the population is highly skewed towards children, inter-generational flows are heavily skewed downwards. The deficits must then be covered through age reallocations of transfers and asset income.
Demand for international reserves: a case for reserves accumulation in Nigeria
(Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Research Department, 2011-09) Bankole, A. S.; Olaniyan, O.; Oyeranti, O.; Shuaibu, M. I.
This paper examined the determinants of international reserves holding in Nigeria, where a huge amount of foreign reserves is necessary to ensure good macroeconomic policy and international credit worthiness. Adopting a dynamic modeling approach combined with the Mizon-Richard encompassing test, both precautionary and mercantilist motives explain holding of foreign reserves in Nigeria. Specifically, the current account variability and past levels of external reserves drive reserve holding in the short run. In the long run, the former and the money supply are significant determinants. Therefore, enhancement of exports through support for quality and competitiveness of non-oil exports are key to reserves management.
Demographic transition, demographic dividend and economic growth in Nigeria
(Union for African Population Studies, 2012-11) Olaniyan, O.; Soyibo, A.; Lawanson, A. O.
Changes in age structure that results from demographic transition have economic consequences. This paper identifies the period of potential window of opportunity or demographic dividends created by Nigeria’s demographic transition. This is done by simulating the period of the demographic window of opportunity in Nigeria. In a simulation covering 1950 – 2050 our results reveal that Nigeria entered the window of opportunity in 2003 and will last beyond year 2050. The highest benefit will accrue in years 2032 and 2033 when the dividend can account for more than 10% of the growth of GDP per capita even if the current performance scenario continues to exist. However, the paper notes that the demographic dividend is not automatically realized and Nigeria needs to embark on strategies that will develop her human capital and position her towards not only capturing the first dividend but the second dividend as well.
Determinants of child nutrition in Nigeria
(College of Development Studies Covenant University, Canaanland Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, 2010-04) Olaniyan, O.; Bankole, A. S.; Oyeranti, O. A.; Faseyi, S. A.
The importance of nutrition for an individual's well-being cannot be over emphasised because of its link to child poverty and development of adult human capital. This paper examines the effects of household resources and community-level variables on child nutrition (as indicated by the anthropometric measure of height for age). The data used for this study are drawn from the 1999 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Nigeria. The survey covers the whole country and questionnaires were administered to 18,300 households. We employ a model of nutrition status derived from the maximisation of household utility function. The model estimates the effects of household resources, parental education as well as community-level variables on child health status. We also explore the issue of nonlinearities in parental education as well as interaction between some community variables and parental education. Our results suggest significant relationships between household resources, community factors and child health.
The determinants of undergraduate CGPA among students' of the Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan
(Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, 2006-03) Olaniyan, O.; Ajayi, D. D..; Oyekanmi, B. O.; Obemeata, A.; Alarape, A
This paper examines the determinants of students' performance in the University. We used the grade point average (GPA) of students in Faculty of the Social Sciences of University of lbadan as a model of characteristics of the students at the time of their entry into the university. This helps in identifying the factors that are likely to predict the successful outcome of the students in the university. Specifically, the research tests whether SSCE and JAMB scores are reliable predictors of GPA. In doing this, we analysed a sample of 866 students who graduated in three different sessions from five departments in the faculty. The results of our analysis suggest that while the performance in the General Certificate of Education, ordinary level examinations appears to better predict undergraduate performance as measured by CGPA, JAMB scores are not good predictors of students' grades in the faculty.
Growth and development of the Nigerian economy
(General Studies Programme (GSP) Unit University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 2013) Lawanson, A.O.; Olaniyan, O.
Health economics research: prospects and challenges in Nigeria
(The Nigerian Economic Society, 2013-07) Soyibo, A.; Olaniyan, O.; Lawanson, A. O.
This paper traces the evolution and development of health economics as a research and academic discipline in Nigeria. The emergence of research in health economics as a discipline in Nigeria in the 1980s through the international funding agencies’ activities predates its teaching. The funding was basically channelled to support capacity building in health policy research and training in the country. The subsequent critical mass of trained health economists produced went on to initiate the teaching of the discipline in Nigerian universities, from which Masters and Ph.D graduates have been produced. The course is mainly taught at the postgraduate level in the few Nigerian universities offering the discipline. Furthermore, the estimation of the two rounds of NHAs for the country has been facilitated by the domestic capacity in health economics, with domestic and foreign financial support. The paper identified two classes of health economics research in Nigeria: the research type, based on university or research institute, and the demand- driven research or consultancies. These are anchored by two main axes of university and/or research institute-based health economics research in Nigeria: Ibadan axis and Enugu axis. As a follow-up to the global and regional associations of health economists, the paper points to the emergence at national level of the Nigerian Health Economics Association which provides a platform for collaboration among health economists in the country. Despite the progress thus far, a number of challenges confront the research landscape of health economics in Nigeria, which include poor data availability, and reluctance to release data, as well as limited number of trained health economists. There is therefore the need for the political will to fully implement the health management information system project, enforce the Freedom of Information Act; and the provision of funds needed to support postdoctoral research in health economics.
Health expenditure and health status in Northern and Southern Nigeria: a comparative analysis using National Health Account Framework
(African Health Economics and Policy Association (AfHEA), 2013) Lawanson, A. O.; Olaniyan, O.
Introduction: The financing of healthcare by government in Nigeria is complemented by contributions from the household, donor agencies, and the private sector. This paper examines the disparity in healthcare financing flows between the northern and southern regions of Nigeria and the implication for health outcomes. Methods: The paper uses data from the latest round of Sub-National Health Accounts for 17 states in Nigeria, from 2003 to 2005. The methodology was structured to give a complete accounting of all spending on health, regardless of the origin, destination, or object of the expenditure. Results: The paper found that healthcare financing in the north is relatively lower, accompanied by significant poor health status, with heavy dependence on the households in both regions. The share of households in the north was proportionally disproportionate, because of the high poverty incidence vis-a-vis public providers. This raises equity concerns as those least able to pay were made to bear more burden. Conclusion: The stewardship role of the government has to increase in terms of funding health care, in the light of low income of majority of the people, especially in the north, if the health status of the populace is to improve. Without government being directly involved in the provision of healthcare services, attempt should be made to subsidise the private sector health services to the citizenry. The pooling mechanism approach is identified to be an appealing alternative to finance healthcare.
Health financing and expenditure in Nigeria
(The Nigerian Economic Society, 2013-07) Soyibo, A.; Olaniyan, O.; Lawanson, A. O.
Health care financing policy has a significant impact on the structure and organization of health care delivery. The choice of a particular health care financing approach has implications for economic incentives to patients and the providers, variations in the extent of access to health care for particular population groups, and the organization of health care delivery. This paper addresses the concept and various methods of health financing, as well as the criteria for the choice of different health financing policies. It also analyzes Nigeria's health expenditure based on two rounds of estimates from the National Health Accounts of Nigeria (NHA), 1995 to 2002 and 2003 to 2005. While each of the major financing methods: government revenue, social and private insurance, user fees, and community financing has its own strengths and weaknesses, the choice a nation is largely dependent on its history, culture, and current institutions, and on whatever tradeoffs regarding objectives that nation is willing to make. The paper analysis health expenditure patterns in Nigeria, using the National Health Accounts, based on estimates from Soyibo (2005) and Soyibo et al. (2009). Total health expenditure, as a percentage of GDP over period 1998 to 2003 ranged between less than 5 per cent and 7.5 per cent, while the households account for the bulk (average of 66%) of financing health care in Nigeria, which is not sustainable. Government, who relies on tax revenue contribute less than 23 per cent of the country's total health expenditure, while industrial private sector and the donor agencies play a minimal role. To ensure sustainability of the funding of health expenditure in the country, there is a need for a gradual and progressive shift to risk pooling mechanism, which not only appears more viable and sustainable, but also tend to lighten the burden on the households. Government in addition should wake up to her stewardship role in funding health care to improve the general welfare of Nigerians.
Introduction and overview
(Ibadan University Press, Publishing House, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2012) Olaniyan, O.; Lawanson, A. O.
Liberalization of trade in health services and the implication for Africa’s health system
(Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Ibadan, 2014) Olaniyan, O.; Bankole, A. S.; Oyeranti, O. A.; Afaha, J. S.
This paper explores the relationship between trade in health services, its liberalization, and Africa's health system with particular focus on Africa. Using a sample of African countries, a regression model link, health outcomes to health inputs and health policy variables were estimated to cover two separate periods- the pre- General Agreement in Trade in Services (GATS) (1990-1994) period and GATS period (1995-2006). The coefficients of the regression are then compared to determine the impact of GATS. Increasing the public health expenditure through additional budgetary provisions in African countries improves health only at the margin. The lack of agreement in the form of GATS limited the intensity of trade in health services. The non-significance of the trade in health services proxy variables during GATS period shows that health trade services impacts on Africa's health sector should be limited to commercial presence (Mode 3) and movement of health professionals (Mode 4) which are the channels through which health services trade is conducted in many African countries. Health services trade data are limited, hence proxy measure of health services were utilised in the paper and this might blur the expected impacts. The implication of the paper is for African countries to adequately participate in GATS as it involves trade in health services.
National health accounts estimation: lesson from the Nigerian experience
(2012-12) Lawanson, A. O.; Olaniyan, O.; Soyibo, A.
Objective: This paper seeks to summarize the estimation of two rounds of Nigeria’s National Health Accounts (NHA), 1998-2002 and 2003-2005 and draw some lessons on the NHA methodology and health financing policy challenges towards enhancing government stewardship role in the health sector. Method: The paper uses the results of the two rounds of NHA estimations for Nigeria as basis for analysis. In each round of estimation, three matrices were estimated. Additional three matrices of sub-National Health Accounts were also estimated for 17states in the second round. Results: With Nigeria’s per capital Total Health Expenditure (THE) increasing from US$9.39 in 1998 to US$55,04 in 2005, the THE represent about 5% of GDP. The households accounted for around 68.6% of THE, while government shoulders about 25%. Major lessons learnt relate to skewed spending, challenges of record-keeping and data collection at the federal and state levels, and commitment of government and other stakeholders in ensuring institutionalized procedures for collection, reporting, and retrieval of health financing data. Conclusion: Though NHA results indicate increase in spending on health over time, there is a very high burden on households. Besides, there are institutional challenges inhibiting the estimation process. There is need for government to lessen burden on households to improve its stewardship by increasing its contribution. The institutional capacity need to be strengthen to collect and analyse health expenditure data and interpret results in terms of their policy implication, while government takes ownership of the process to ensure the institutionalization and sustainability of the estimation process.
National health accounts of Nigeria: results from second rounds of estimation
(2010-09) Lawanson, A. O.; Olaniyan, O.; Soyibo, A.
Nigeria Health Accounts (NHA) tracks the flows of health spending from financial sources to end users. This paper uses the framework to capture the general health expenditure and updates the earlier NHA for Nigeria by providing estimates for 2003-2005. The estimates were prepared in line with the WHO’s guide to the NHA estimation. Our estimates reveal that households are the major source of health funds in Nigeria. Government funding accounts for a quarter of the health funds and but the main incidence still lies with households. These funds were spent about equally in private and public health facilities. Although resource pooling is not widespread, health insurance show promise as a significant potential option in health care financing. Given health as a public good, the implication is that there is need for government focus on the responsibility to lessening the burden of health expenditure on poor households if its stewardship role is not to be called to question.
National health accounts: structure, trends and sustainability of health expenditure in Nigeria
(African Journals Online, 2007) Soyibo, A.; Olaniyan, O.; Lawanson, A. O.
This paper explored the structure of the contribution of different stakeholders to the financing of health care in Nigeria. The analysis was based on the National Health Accounts (NHA) 1998 to 2002 estimates for Nigeria. The main objective was to assess the viability of each stakeholder as a sustainable means of financing health provision in Nigeria. About two-thirds of health expenditure in Nigeria was directly financed by households, while public sector funding was less than half the amount committed by households. Third-party payment through health insurance represented a minuscule portion. A comparative analysis of the trend in the sources of income of households and revenue of government, revealed a wide disparity that suggested possible non-sustainability of their respective roles in health financing in Nigeria. Apart from the fact that the contributions of NGOs’ were very small, they were dependent on donor funds whose vagaries can significantly affect sustainability. Though, health insurance contributed minimally to health financing in Nigeria, its prospect in assuming a significant role appeared to be very bright. The progressive growth of health insurance contributions was an indication of the prospect of the recently introduced National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in Nigeria. The NHIS represents a viable means of pooling resources in such a way that the burden of both the government and the households can be greatly relieved. Thus, the sustainability of financing health care in Nigeria may strongly depend on the extent to which the populace was covered by the health insurance plan.
Poverty and inequality among rural households in Nigeria
(2010) Okunmadewa, F.; Olaniyan, O.; Yusuf, S. A.; Bankole, A. S.; Oyeranti, O. A.; Omonona, B. T.; Awoyemi, T. T.; Olayiwola, K.
Predictors and prognoses of new onset post-stroke anxiety at one year in black Africans
(Elsevier Inc., 2020) Ojagbemi, A.; Akinyemi, J.; Owolabi, M.; Akinyemi, R.; Arulogun, O.; Gebregziabher, M.; Akpa, O.; Olaniyan, O.; Salako, B.; Ovbiagele, B.
Background: There is relatively limited information on the risk factors and outcome of new onset Post stroke Anxiety (PSA) in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. We estimated incidence, cumulative incidence, risk factors and outcome of new onset anxiety in the first year of stroke among African stroke survivors. Methods: We analyzed the dataset of a completed clinical trial comprising patients enrolled to test an intervention designed to improve one-year blood pressure control among recent ( one month) stroke survivors in Nigeria. Anxiety was measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Outcomes were assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Community screening instrument for dementia (CSID) and Health Related Quality of Life in Stroke Patients (HRQOLISP-26). Results: Among 322 stroke survivors who were free of anxiety at baseline, we found a one-year cumulative incidence of 34% (95% CI = 28.6 39.3). Rates were 36.2% (95% CI =29.6 42.7) for men and 29.2% (95% CI =19.9 38.3) for women. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, haemorrhagic stroke type was associated with higher risk of new onset PSA (Hazard Ratio=1.52, 95% CI =1.01 2.29). New onset PSA was independently associated with cognitive [(mean difference (MD) in CSID scores=1.1, 95% C.I=0.2, 1.9)] and motor decline (MD in mRS scores= 0.2, 95% C.I= 0.4, 0.02), as well as poorer quality of life overtime (MD in total HRQOLISP-26 scores=3.6, 95% C.I=1.0, 6.2). Conclusion: One in 3 stroke survivors in Nigeria had PSA at one year. Clinicians in SSA should pay special attention to survivors of haemorrhagic stroke as they are at higher risk of incident anxiety and therefore its consequences.
Production, trade and livelihoods of cotton producers in Nigeria
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2011-06) Bankole, A. S.; Olaniyan, O.; Oyeranti, O.; Abdulrahaman, M.
The sustainable livelihood framework is applied to the context of cotton production and trade in Nigeria’s cotton belt with focus on small cotton farmers vulnerability to natural and environmental disasters; the effects of which policies and programmes were formulated to mitigate. The study aims at the application of multidisciplinary knowledge to the study of households and their livelihoods. In addition, the study helps to augment the pool of livelihoods research in Nigeria. With the aid of interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs), primary data were obtained from purposively selected communities in five northern states of Nigeria; namely Kano, Katsina, Kaduna, Zamfara and Jigawa in addition to secondary data on Nigeria’s cotton sector. The key finding of the study suggests that farmers are vulnerable to natural and environmental disasters as well as policy shocks to which some programmes and projects are targeted. The study also finds that institutional interventions to reduce vulnerabilities have been less successful in dealing with the restoration of small cotton farmers’ economic and social capital assets. Consequent upon the findings of the study, the adoption of sustainable livelihoods is germane for addressing cotton farmers ’ vulnerabilities in order to guarantee the success of poverty reduction strategies meant to help combat poverty for cotton producers.