Browsing by Author "Oluleye, T. S."

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Changing indications for anti-vascular endothelial growth factors injections at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Sub-Saharan Africa
(Medip Academy, 2020) Adewole, A. T.; Oluleye, T. S.; Babalola, Y. O.; Majekodunmi, O. I.; Ijaduola, M. A.
Background: To review the current indications for intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy, in order to make recommendations for planning of services. Methods: The medical records of 172 patients who had intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections from January 2016 to December 2019 were retrieved. Socio-demographic and clinical data were extracted, analysed, and compared with data from the previously published audit report covering 2010 to 2012. Results: Three hundred and thirty injections were given to 182 eyes in this cohort of patients. The mean age was 61.1±16.3 years (range <1-90 years), with a male to female ratio of 1.1:1. Retinal vein occlusion, 64 (35%) remained the most common indication for anti-VEGF injections in the eyes treated. This was followed by choroidal neovascular membrane/wet age-related macular degeneration which accounted for 42 (23%) as reported previously. However, cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy/ diabetic maculopathy needing anti-VEGF were noticed to have almost doubled from about 8 (10%) in the previous study to 15 (27%) in the present study. In addition, idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, 18 (10%) ranked above proliferative sickle cell retinopathy in the present study. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), neovascular glaucoma, retinal artery macro-aneurysm and myopic choroidal neovascular membrane were the new emerging indications. Conclusion: There is an expanding indication for anti-VEGF in the management of retinal vascular diseases in the health facility and adequate measures should be put in place for early diagnosis and management. Patients should be counselled on the availability of this treatment option.
Chloroquine retinopathy: pattern of presentation in Ibadan, Sub-Sahara Africa
(Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2016) Oluleye, T. S.; Babalola, Y. O.; Ijaduola, M.
Background: Self-medication with chloroquine is common in Ibadan, Sub-Sahara Africa. Retinopathy from chloroquine is not uncommon. The aim was to determine the pattern of presentation. Methodology: Cases of Chloroquine retinopathy seen at the Retina and Vitreous Unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan between 2008 and 2014 were reviewed. Information on age, sex, duration of chloroquine use, and visual loss were retrieved. Visual acuity at presentation, anterior, and posterior segment findings were documented. The results were analyzed using proportions and percentages. Results: Fourteen cases were seen during the study period. Mean age was 50.7 years. Male to female ratio was 3.5: Average duration of visual loss before presentation was 2.7 years. Average duration of self-medication with chloroquine was 5.3 years. Presenting visual acuity showed 2(14%) cases of bilateral blindness(VAo3/60 in both eyes); 5(35.7%) cases of uniocular blindness; three cases of bilateral low vision(VA worse than 6/18 but better than 3/60). Anterior segment examination showed abnormal sluggish pupillary reaction in those with severe affectation. Dilated fundoscopy showed features ranging from mild macular pigmentary changes and bulls eye maculopathy to overt extensive retinal degeneration involving the posterior pole, attenuation of retinal vessels, optic atrophy, and beaten bronze appearance of atrophic maculopathy. Conclusion: Chloroquine retinopathy is not uncommon in Ibadan, Sub-Sahara Africa. Bulls eye maculopathy, extensive retinal, and macular degeneration with optic atrophy are the main presentations. Public health education is imperative
Comparative evalaution of macular thickness in sickle cell and non-sickle cell disease patients at the University College Hospital Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2025) Avuru, C. J.; Babalola, Y. O.; Ugalahi, M. O.; Sarimiye, T. F.; Olawoye, O. O.; Olaniyi, J. A.; Oluleye, T. S.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the macular thickness of participants with sickle cell disease (SCD) and compare with their age and sex matched participants without SCD at the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, to provide baseline data for adult Nigerians with SCD and how they compare with those without the disease. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based comparative study conducted at the UCH, Ibadan. Patients with SCD aged 18 years and above were age and sex matched with non SCD controls (Haemoglobin AA genotype). All participants underwent a full ophthalmic examination, refraction, A scan biometry, and macular thickness were measured with an Optovue iScan spectral domain optical coherence tomography machine. Data from the left eye of each participant were analysed with IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. Results: Seventy participants were recruited into the study and 30 (42.9%) were males. The mean age of all the subjects in the study was 35.9 ± 11.0. Group 1 (SCD) comprised 19 (27.1%) Hb SS and 16 (22.9%) Hb SC while Group 2 (non SCD) were 35 (50%) Hb AA subjects. The SCD group had a lower mean macular thickness (MMT) of 271.1 ± 20.2 microns compared to the non SCD group with an MMT of 278.5 ± 13.5 microns, but this was not statistically significant (P = 0.076). Macular thickness was generally lower in the SCD group in all the ETDRS map regions of the macular compared to the non SCD group with values ranging from 3.0 microns to 11.5 microns but statistically significant difference was observed only in the inner inferior macular (P = 0.026) and inner temporal macular (P = 0.046) regions. There was no statistically significant difference in distant visual acuity between non SCD and SCD participants (P = 0.605). Conclusion: This study observed focal macular thinning in SCD compared to non SCD. However, focal macular thinning was not associated with poorer distant visual acuity in patients with SCD.
Diabetic Macular Oedema in Diabetic Patients attending the endocrinology clinic at University College Hospital, Ibadan
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2024) Oluleye, T. S.; Babalola, Y. O.; Majekodunmi, O. I.; Ijaduola, M. A.; Fasanmade, A. A.; Alonge, T. O.; Adebusoye, S. O.
Background: Diabetic macular oedema (DME), a significant threat to vision among diabetics, often eludes the early detection due to patients’ delayed ophthalmologist visits. Our efforts to increase screening participation through physician referral promotion and cost reduction have not yielded significant results. Faced with the persistent challenge of low screening rates, we sought to explore innovative alternatives to increase DME detection. The first involved implementing ophthalmologist-led screening programmes, while the second focused on promoting sponsored on-site screenings at diabetic clinics. These strategies aim to integrate DME screenings more seamlessly into routine diabetes management, potentially increasing the likelihood of early detection. By making screenings more convenient and readily available within existing care pathways, we anticipate these approaches could significantly improve participation rates and consequently lead to earlier intervention for DME amongst diabetic patients. Aim: To determine the prevalence of DME in visually asymptomatic diabetic patients through comprehensive screening and to evaluate the potential benefits of early detection in improving the visual outcomes and patient care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2020 to 2023, involving 225 consecutive diabetic patients who consented to participate while attending the diabetic clinic. The Joint University of Ibadan/University College Hospital Institutional Review Board provided ethical approval for the research. The study collected the data on patient demographics and medical history. Thereafter, they underwent comprehensive ocular examinations. All findings were systematically documented for analysis using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 26.0. Results: A total of 225 diagnosed diabetic patients (450 eyes) were examined in the study. The duration of diabetes mellitus amongst participants ranged from two months to 30 years. The sex distribution shows a male-to-female ratio of 1:2.6, indicating a higher proportion of female participants. The age range of the study population is 31–87 years. Regarding diabetic control, 32% of participants had a fasting blood sugar (FBS) level higher than 120 mg/dL. Visual acuity (VA) assessments revealed that 16.9% (n = 38) of participants had VA worse than 6 / 12. Out of the total participants, 42 (18.9%) had DME in at least one eye, while 180 (81.1%) had no DME. DME was observed in 32 right eyes (14.7%) and 32 left eyes (14.9%). A statistically significant association was found between DME and visual impairment (χ2 = 11.2, P = 0.001), with a higher proportion of DME patients (33.3%) having visual impairment compared to those without DME (13.1%). Patients with DME were 3.6 times more likely to have best-corrected VA worse than 6 / 12 in the better eye compared to those without DME. Conclusion: This study reveals a significant prevalence of DME and its strong association with visual impairment. Our findings underscore the need to take screening services directly to diabetic clinics and the urgency of implementing routine eye screening protocols for all diabetic patients in our medical facilities to enable the early detection and timely intervention.
Diabetic Macular Oedema in Diabetic Patients attending the endocrinology clinic at University College Hospital, Ibadan.
(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2023) Sarimiye, T. F.; Ijaiya-Olatoke, N.; Babalola, Y. O.; Majekodunmi, O.; Ijaduola, M. O.; Olawoye, O. O.; Oluleye, T. S.
Purpose: To evaluate the rate of postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and its management in patients who have undergone scleral buckle surgery as a primary intervention for retinal detachment. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective review of hospital files of scleral buckle surgeries for retinal detachment from January 2016 to December 2021 at the University College Hospital Ibadan. All patients with a previous history of glaucoma, vitreoretinal surgery, or a combination of vitrectomy and scleral buckling procedures were excluded from the review. An IOP of ≥22 mmHg after surgery was considered elevated. Results: A total of 148 patients’ charts were reviewed with 125 patients (131 eyes) included in the study. There were 81 males (64.8%) and the mean age of patients was 45.2 (±18.8) years, with a range of 5–81 years. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment accounted for 97.7% (128 eyes) of all cases and 118 eyes(90.1%) were recent detachments. Seventy‑nine eyes (60.3%) recorded elevated IOP postscleral buckle surgery. The mean elevated IOP postbuckle surgery was 27.9 (±6.2) mmHg and the mean antiglaucoma medications prescribed was 2.4 (±2) with a range of 2–5 medications. Four eyes (5.1%) needed surgical intervention for the elevated IOP. The last follow‑up mean IOP was 14.3 (±4.1) mmHg. Conclusion: Elevated IOP frequently complicates scleral buckle procedure and medical treatment is usually sufficient. As a common complication, this should be considered in advance when planning for the procedure, especially in low-income countries like Nigeria where scleral buckling surgery is still in common practice.
The Ibadan glaucoma study
(2003) Agbeja-Baiyeroju, A. M.; Bekibele, C. O.; Bamgboye, E. A.; Omokhodion, F.; Oluleye, T. S.
To obtain epidemiological data on the prevalence and risk factors for open angle glaucoma in hospital workers of African origin, and investigate appropriate methods of a rapid, cost-effective screening procedure for glaucoma. A cross-sectional study of workers in the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, using a structured questionnaire for data collection. The variables available for data analysis include workers demographic characteristics, visual acuity, pupil status, intraocular pressure, cup-disc ratio, central visual fields, family history of glaucoma, chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. The data was analysed with EPI-INFO version 6.02 for simple analysis, while the SPSS package was used for multivariate analysis. A total of two thousand, one hundred and nine (2, 109) UCH workers participated in the screening exercise for glaucoma. A high majority of the workers 1794 (85.1 %) were negative to the diagnosis of glaucoma, while the remaining 315 (14.9%) were suspected to have glaucoma out of which 57 (2.7%) were confirmed as definite glaucoma cases. The prevalence of glaucoma among UCH workers was 27 per 1000, 95%, confidence interval = 20 per 1000,35 per 1000. Factors associated with glaucoma were relative afferent pupillary defect, cup-disc ratio greater than 0.7, intraocular pressure, family history of glaucoma and the presence of chronic diseases such as diabetes. The left eye appears to have a higher probability of ocular problems compared with the right eye. The prevalence of glaucoma among hospital workers was 2.7% The cup-disc ratio appears to be a better diagnostic tool for glaucoma since it gives the best positive predictive value (with a cut-off point of 0.7) than all other variables.
Indications for intravitreal bevacizumab in Ibadan, Subsaharan Africa.
(Bentham Science Publishers, 2014) Oluleye, T. S.; Babalola, Y. O.
Background: Angiogenesis is a contributing factor in some retinal diseases, hence the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a common pathway in proliferative retinopathies. Bevacizumab has been found to be effective in the treatment of these diseases. The aim of this study was to review all cases of intravitreal bevacizumab given in the retinal unit of the University College Hospital, Ibadan from July, 2010 to June 2012, pointing out the common indications. Methods: After obtaining ethical approval from the University College Hospital/University of Ibadan Review Board for the study, all cases of intravitreal injections of bevacizumab recorded in the retinal register during the study period (July 2010 to June 2012) were retrieved. Age, sex, diagnoses and indication for injection were recorded in the data sheet prepared for the study. Results were analyzed using proportions and percentages. Results: A total of one hundred and thirty four injections of bevacizumab were given in the study period. The most common indication was cystoid macular edema from retinal vein occlusion ([26(19.4%)] followed by wet age related maculopathy [23(17.1%)] and sickle cell retinopathy [(22(16.4)]. Emerging indications included idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy [8(6%) and retinal macroaneurism with macular edema [6(4.5%)]. Conclusion: Cystoid macular edema from vascular occlusion and wet age related macular degeneration are the major indications for intravitreal bevacizumab injection in Ibadan.
Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for retinopathy of prematurity in Ibadan: Method of administration.
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow, 2020) Babalola, Y. O.; Oluleye, T. S.; Majekodunmi, O.; Ijaduola, M.
Purpose: To outline the method of administration of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti VEGF) for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) for the purpose of improved eye care among neonates. Background: ROP is a major potential, but largely preventable cause of blindness in the pediatric population. ROP has been shown to be a two stage event with an initial disruption to normal retinal vessel growth, which is then accompanied by the second stage of vessel development. Preterm infants have undeveloped retinas, with avascular areas at the periphery. Subsequently, as the infant grows, these undeveloped retinas lacking an adequate supply of oxygen then stimulate angiogenic factors for the development of new vessels. Some predisposing risk factors include inappropriate oxygen therapy and lower birth weights. Initially, ROP was documented to be sporadic in most regions of Africa, but due to the recent advancement in medical facilities and personnel training, more preterm babies are surviving, thereby increasing the rate of ROP. Our hospital, the University College Hospital, Ibadan, has been assessing preterm babies for signs of ROP in conjunction with the neonatologists for the last four years, with various stages of ROP being diagnosed and treated. Intravitreal use of anti VEGF has been accepted as a valuable therapy in preventing the development of advanced cases of ROP. The purpose of this study is to describe the method of administration of this important medication. Conclusion: Intravitreal anti VEGF may prevent avoidable blindness in babies with ROP. However, to prevent devastating complications, appropriate techniques and the guidelines given in this study should be considered to minimize complications.
Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for retinopathy of prematurity in Ibadan: Method of administration.
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow, 2020) Babalola, Y. O.; Oluleye, T. S.; Majekodunmi, O.; Ijaduola, M.
Purpose: To outline the method of administration of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti VEGF) for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) for the purpose of improved eye care among neonates. Background: ROP is a major potential, but largely preventable cause of blindness in the pediatric population. ROP has been shown to be a two stage event with an initial disruption to normal retinal vessel growth, which is then accompanied by the second stage of vessel development. Preterm infants have undeveloped retinas, with avascular areas at the periphery. Subsequently, as the infant grows, these undeveloped retinas lacking an adequate supply of oxygen then stimulate angiogenic factors for the development of new vessels. Some predisposing risk factors include inappropriate oxygen therapy and lower birth weights. Initially, ROP was documented to be sporadic in most regions of Africa, but due to the recent advancement in medical facilities and personnel training, more preterm babies are surviving, thereby increasing the rate of ROP. Our hospital, the University College Hospital, Ibadan, has been assessing preterm babies for signs of ROP in conjunction with the neonatologists for the last four years, with various stages of ROP being diagnosed and treated. Intravitreal use of anti VEGF has been accepted as a valuable therapy in preventing the development of advanced cases of ROP. The purpose of this study is to describe the method of administration of this important medication. Conclusion: Intravitreal anti VEGF may prevent avoidable blindness in babies with ROP. However, to prevent devastating complications, appropriate techniques and the guidelines given in this study should be considered to minimize complications.
Learning styles of fresh clinical students in Ophthalmology at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria – A pilot study
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow, 2020) Oluleye, T. S.; Babalola, Y. O.; Olusanya, B. A.; Majekodunmi, O. I.; Ijaduola, M. A.
Background: The College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, is using a new curriculum for its learners. Therefore, knowing the learning styles of the learners will help the teachers formulate appropriate teaching strategies. The aim of the pilot study was to determine the learning styles of the 1st-year clinical students rotating through ophthalmology with a view to recommending appropriate teaching strategies to the teachers for the smooth running of the new curriculum. Methodology: The first fifty set of students sent to the department of ophthalmology for ophthalmology rotation was used as a pilot. A total of 47 students completed the study. Three students voluntarily did not participate in the study. Design: VARK questionnaire assisted testing of learning styles was used for the study. It consists of 16 questions with four options testing each domain of visual (V), auditory (A), write or reading (R), and kinesthetic (K) ways of learning. Multiple responses were allowed. The total responses were computed at the end to give an idea of the learning styles of the students. Results: A total of 1192 responses were received from 47 students (25 males and 22 females), with a male to female ratio of 1.1:1. The Auditory and kinesthetic ways of learning were responsible for 669 (56%) responses. There was no statistically significant difference among the sexes. Conclusion: The most preferred learning styles were the auditory and kinesthetic ways of learning. Teachers should consider direct instructions and more hands-on teaching of their students while formulating a teaching plan.
Macula diseases in Ibadan
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow, 2021) Babalola, Y. O.; Oluleye, T. S.; Majekodunmi, O. I.; Ijaduola, M. A.
Background: Retina diseases including the diseases of the macular are underreported in developing countries of sub Sahara Africa including Nigeria. Method: A retrospective review of retinal register of cases presenting to the retinal clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan within 4 years (December 2015, to November 2019). Demographics and clinical data of all patients with macula diseases were retrieved. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences IBM (SPSS IBM), version 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA), and reported as frequency distributions and percentages. Results: A total of 1291 retinal cases were seen during the period under review, out of which 322 cases were diseases of the macula, representing 24.9% of retinal cases seen. The top 3 common causes of macular disease found in the study were dry Age related Macular Degeneration (AMD) 63 (19.6%); Macula oedema 53 (16.5%) and Non AMD atrophic maculopathy (from Retinitis Pigmentosa, chloroquine maculopathy and hereditary causes) 51 (15.9%) representing more than 50% of cases. Macular holes 48 (14.9%); Non AMD macular scar (Toxoplasmosis, Trauma) 37 (11.5%) and choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) 26 (8.1%) are other important causes. Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (IPCV) 17 (5.3%) is an emerging cause of macular disease in the retina unit of the University College Hospital Ibadan. Conclusion: Age related macular degeneration (AMD), Macular oedema and Non AMD atrophic maculopathy are major causes of macular disease presentation in the retinal clinic of the University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria. CNVM and IPCV are emerging causes.
Ocular characteristics of patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa In Ibadan, South West Nigeria.
(Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria, 2023) Babalola, Y. O.; Adebusoye, S. A.; Oluleye, T. S.; Majekodunmi, O. A.; Ijaduola, M. A.
Introduction: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disease affecting the photoreceptors.1 RP is thought to be rare with a prevalence of 1 in 4000 worldwide. 3 In Nigeria, the prevalence from hospital-based studies varies from 0.31% to 0.69%. The classic triad of clinical signs in RP include bone spicule pigmentation, waxy pale disc and attenuated vessels. Varying ocular disorders such as myopia, glaucoma, cataracts, optic disc drusen and keratoconus may be associated with RP. Nyctalopia and constricted visual fields occur in RP. Visual impairment may be a debilitating sequelae. The aim of this study was to describe the ocular features of patients presenting with RP at the retina clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods: A retrospective study of all patients with clinical diagnosis of RP seen in the retina clinic of the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria from January 2018 to June 2022. The demographic data, best corrected visual acuity, presenting complaints and other relevant information were retrieved from patients’ notes. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS Version 23. Results: Forty-six (2.4%) of 1911 new patients seen during the study periodat the Retina clinic had a diagnosis of RP. Forty-three patients who had the necessary complete data were studied. Twenty- four (54.8%) of the patients studied were males while 19(44.2%) were females. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1. Sporadic mode of inheritance was the most common and was seen in 60.5% of the patients (Figure 1). Features of typical RP were found in 78.6% of the patients. The predominant complaint was poor vision which was present in 40 (93%) patients (Table 1). Night blindness was the initial complaint in 26 patients (60.5%). Thirty-one (72.1%) patients had visual impairment. In RP patients with visual impairment, maculopathy was the commonest aetiology. Bone spicule pigmentation (Figure 2) was present in all patients with typical RP (78.6%). The commonest refractive error was myopia which was present in 34 eyes (39.5%). Thirty-three (38.4%) eyes had cataracts while features of glaucoma was present in 1 (4.7%) patient.
Pattern of presentation of Idiopathic choroidal polypoidal vasculopathy in Ibadan, Sub-saharan, Africa
(Dove Medical Press Ltd., 2013) Oluleye, T. S.; Babalola, Y. O.
Background: Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy is an abnormal choroidal vascular pathology similar to age-related macular degeneration. It may present with sudden visual loss from hemorrhagic retinal pigment epithelial detachment and breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage or with chronic recurrent episodes. The condition is not uncommon in the retina clinic at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Sub-Saharan Africa. This study presents the pattern of presentation in Ibadan. Methods: We review all cases of idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy seen from 2007 to 2012 in the retina clinic at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, to determine the major pattern of presentations, available treatment modalities, and visual outcomes. Results: Ten cases were seen during the study period. Their mean age was 58 years, with a male to female ratio of 1:4. The most common presenting complaint was sudden visual loss. Major examination findings were retinal pigment epithelial detachment, orange subretinal lesions, and breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage. The modalities of treatment available included vitrectomy to clear vitreous hemorrhage. Intravitreal bevacizumab reduced the height of the pigment epithelial detachment and cleared vitreous hemorrhage. Thermal laser was applied for extrafoveal lesions. Two patients with subfoveal lesions were referred abroad for photodynamic therapy. Visual outcome showed significant improvement in vitrectomized patients who presented with vitreous hemorrhage. Presenting vision of hand motion and light perception improved to vision ranging from counting fingers to 6/12 after vitrectomy. Conclusion: Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy may not be uncommon in Sub-Saharan Africa. A high index of suspicion is warranted in the diagnosis so as to provide timely intervention.
Pattern of presentation of Macula holes in Ibadan, South-western, Nigeria
(Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria, 2021) Babalola, Y. O.; Oluleye, T. S.; Majekodunmi, O. I.; Ijaduola, M. A.
Introduction: Macula holes are defects in the fovea involving the inner limiting membrane up to the photoreceptor layer.1 Different local studies in Nigeria have shown prevalence of 6.6 % and 0.5% respectively. The common risk factors include age and female gender. Central visual loss is a common feature while bilaterality may be seen in about 30% of patients with macula holes. Aim: To describe the pattern of presentation, aetiology and risk factors of patients with macula holes seen at the retina clinic of a tertiary teaching hospital. Methods: A retrospective study of all patients with macula hole diagnosed both clinically and with the aid of optical coherence imaging between the period January 2019 to December 2020. The demographic data, best corrected visual acuity, presenting complaints, and other relevant data relating to co-existing ocular & systemic co morbidities were retrieved from patients’ case notes. Optical coherence tomography scans from the SOCT Copernicus machine where available were retrieved and interpreted. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS Version 23. Results: Thirty-nine (4%) of 972 patients seen in the retina clinic during the study period had a diagnosis of macula hole. Twenty of the respondents were females and 19 were males giving a male to female ratio of 0.95:1. The mean age was 62.3 years (SD 15.1). Forty- three eyes were involved as five of the patients had bilateral macula holes. The age range of the respondents was 11 - 81 years.
Pterygium treatment using 5-FU as adjuvant treatment compared to conjunctiva autograft
(Nature Publishing Group, 2008) Bekibele, C. O.; Baiyeroju A.M.|| Olusanya, B. A.; Ashaye, A.O.; Oluleye, T. S.
Background: The use of conjunctiva autograft, adjunct antimetabolite therapy has been shown to be effective in preventing pterygium recurrence. Objective: To compare 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) to conjunctival autograft in the treatment of large, fleshy pterygium. Methods: A randomised controlled prospective study of outcome of pterygium treatment using 5-FU as adjuvant treatment compared to conjunctiva autograft. Thirty-five eyes with large pterygium treated with bare sclera conjunctival excision plus 5-FU were compared with 33 eyes treated with excision and conjunctival autograft alone. Results: Post-operative pterygium recurrence was observed in four (11.4%) eyes treated with 5-FU and 4 (12.1%) eyes treated with conjunctiva autograft (P>0.05). The post-operative complications included, granuloma formation 11.4% for 5-FU and 3.0% for autograft and conjunctival discharge 5.7% for 5-FU group only. Conclusion: 5-FU is marginally superior to conjunctival autograft in the prevention of pterygium recurrence but neither gives a more desirable single digit recurrence rate. Randomised studies combining both conjunctival autograft and 5-FU in pterygium treatment is advocated to further explore their effect.
Pterygium treatment using 5-FU as adjuvant treatment compared to conjunctiva autograft
(Nature Publishing Group, 2008) Bekibele, C. O.; Baiyeroju, A. M.; Olusanya, B. A.; Ashaye, A. O.; Oluleye, T. S.
Background The use of conjunctiva autograft, adjunct antimetabolite therapy has been shown to be effective in preventing pterygium recurrence. Objective To compare 5 fluorouracil (5-FU) to conjunctival autograft in the treatment of large, fleshy pterygium. Methods A randomised controlled prospective study of outcome of pterygium treatment using 5-FU as adjuvant treatment compared to conjunctiva autograft. Thirty-five eyes with large pterygium treated with bare sclera conjunctival excision plus 5-FU were compared with 33 eyes treated with excision and conjunctival autograft alone. Results Post-operative pterygium recurrence was observed in four (11.4%) eyes treated with 5-FU and 4 (12.1%) eyes treated with conjunctiva autograft (P40.05). The post-operative complications included, granuloma formation 11.4% for 5-FU and 3.0% for autograft and conjunctival discharge 5.7% for 5-FU group only. Conclusion 5-FU is marginally superior to conjunctival autograft in the prevention of pterygium recurrence but neither gives a more desirable single digit recurrence rate. Randomised studies combining both conjunctival autograft and 5-FU in pterygium treatment is advocated to further explore their effect.
Retinochoroidal coloboma in a female Nigerian.
(Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria, 2020) Babalola, Y. O.; Oluleye, T. S.
We report a case of retinochoroidal coloboma in a 32 year old Nigerian female who first presented to the eye outreach clinic with a history of poor vision in the left eye of two years duration. The best corrected visual acuity was 6/5 and light perception with accurate light projection in the right and left eyes respectively. She was subsequently referred to the retina clinic for Neodymium:yttrium- aluminium- garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy on account of a left posterior capsular opacity after cataract surgery at the eye outreach clinic with a best corrected visual acuity of 6/5 and 6/36 respectively in the right and left eye. Dilated binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy of the left eye revealed a large, wedge shaped, excavated retinochoroidal defect with hyperpigmented edges involving the nasal retina extending across approximately five clock hours from 7 to 10 o’clock. The apex of the coloboma was approximately three disc diameters away from the optic nerve head and extended peripherally up to the ora serrata. The right fundus was normal. Retinochoroidal colobomas may occur in the absence of the known blinding sequelae like retinal detachment, choroidal neovascular membrane amongst others. Our patient had a cataract in the same eye with the retinochoroidal coloboma with subsequent visual gain post-surgery and increasing myopia.
Retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary facility: an initial report of a screening programme
(Paediatric Association of Nigeria, 2020) Olusanya, B. A.; Oluleye, T. S.; Tongo, O. O.; Ugalahi, M. O.; Babalola, Y. O.; Ayede, A. I.; Baiyeroju, A. M.
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening in Nigeria is at a nascent stage and at the moment there are no National guidelines for ROP screening in Nigeria. Thus it is desirable for screening programs to report findings amongst screened preterm infants in order to facilitate the development of national ROP screening criteria and guidelines. The aim of this report is to describe the frequency, severity and risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) among preterm and very low-birth-weight babies screened within the first year of initiating an ROP screening program at a Nigerian tertiary facility. Methods: A cross-sectional study of infants born at less than 34 weeks gestational age; or with birth weight less than 1500g between May 2016 and May 2017. ROP screening examinations were performed by ophthalmologists with the use of an indirect ophthalmoscope, after pupillary dilation, in collaboration with the neonatology team. Information on gestational age at birth, birth weight, oxygen therapy and presence of other risk factors were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 74 infants were screened during the period. There were 36 (48.6%) males. Mean gestational age at birth was 29.6 (±2.35) weeks. Mean birth weight was 1.26 (±0.27) kg with a range of 800 to 1950g. ROP was detected in 9 (12.2%) infants. Two (22.2%) of these had Threshold ROP. There was no significant difference between the mean birth weight and mean gestational age of the infants who had ROP compared to those without ROP. The two infants with Threshold ROP were treated with intravitreal Bevazicumab and had regression of ROP. Conclusion: Retinopathy of prematurity was diagnosed in at risk infants in this facility. There is, therefore, a need to establish ROP screening programs in all neonatal units across the country. In addition, established programs need to evaluate their screening criteria with a view towards developing country-specific screening guidelines.
Retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary facility: An initial report of a screening programme
(Paediatric Association of Nigeria, 2020) Olusanya, B. A.; Oluleye, T. S.; Tongo, O. O.; Ugalahi, M. O.; Babalola, Y. O.; Ayede, A. I.; Baiyeroju, A. M.
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening in Nigeria is at a nascent stage and at the moment there are no National guidelines for ROP screening in Nigeria. Thus it is desirable for screening programs to report findings amongst screened preterm infants in order to facilitate the development of national ROP screening criteria and guidelines. The aim of this report is to describe the frequency, severity and risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) among preterm and very low-birth-weight babies screened within the first year of initiating an ROP screening program at a Nigerian tertiary facility. Methods: A cross-sectional study of infants born at less than 34 weeks gestational age; or with birth weight less than 1500g between May 2016 and May 2017. ROP screening examinations were performed by ophthalmologists with the use of an indirect ophthalmoscope, after pupillary dilation, in collaboration with the neonatology team. Information on gestational age at birth, birth weight, oxygen therapy and presence of other risk factors were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 74 infants were screened during the period. There were 36 (48.6%) males. Mean gestational age at birth was 29.6 (±2.35) weeks. Mean birth weight was 1.26 (±0.27) kg with a range of 800 to 1950g. ROP was detected in 9 (12.2%) infants. Two (22.2%) of these had Threshold ROP. There was no significant difference between the mean birth weight and mean gestational age of the infants who had ROP compared to those without ROP. The two infants with Threshold ROP were treated with intravitreal Bevazicumab and had regression of ROP. Conclusion: Retinopathy of pre maturity was diagnosed in at risk infants in this facility. There is, therefore, a need to establish ROP screening programs in all neonatal units across the country. In addition, established programs need to evaluate their screening criteria with a view towards developing country-specific screening guidelines.
Sickle Cell retinopathy: Patient awareness, mode of presentation and treatment modalities in Ibadan, South-Western, Nigeria
(Wolters Kluwer Medknow, 2021) Babalola, Y. O.; Oluleye, T. S.; Majekodunmi, O. I.; Ijaduola, M. A.
Background: Sickle cell retinopathy is a recognized complication of sickle cell disease (SCD) which may lead to visual impairment or blindness. Despite this, many patients with SCD hemoglobinopathy SC and SS are unaware of their genotype, hence resulting in only occasional or no eye checks with possibilities of getting blind. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the genotype awareness, pattern of presentation, and treatment of sickle cell retinopathy in Ibadan. Methods: This was a retrospective review of the case notes of 64 patients with the diagnosis of sickle cell retinopathy seen over two years (January 2018 to December 2019). Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical data, ophthalmic assessment, and treatment performed on patients were extracted onto pro forma. Information obtained included age, sex, sickle cell genotype, genotype awareness from their medical history, retinal findings using Goldberg classification, and treatment modalities for the patients. Data analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS software version 22. Analysis was done using proportions and percentages. Results: Medical records of 64 patients were reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 39.05 ± 10.48 (range: 20–65) years, with a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. Sixty (93.8%) patients had genotype SC. Forty six (71.8%) patients were aware of their genotype. Fifty six patients presented with Proliferative sickle cell retinopathy (PSR) in the right eye, while 55 had PSR in the left eye. These spanned all the different grades of PSR. Treatment offered at the first visit included laser photocoagulation, intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor (bevacizumab), vitrectomy, and scleral buckle. At subsequent follow-up visits, detailed ocular examination on patients was done to look out for new/active lesions. If any of these lesions were found, repeat or additional treatment was offered to help stabilize and/or improve the best corrected visual acuity of patients. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated high genotype awareness among the studied patients. Despite this high awareness, majority of our patients presented with varying stages of proliferative sickle cell retinopathy. While our patients had more than one type of treatment, some defaulted due to lack of funds. Therefore, to improve the quality of life of SCD patients, it is essential for health-care providers and other stakeholders to design policies for sustainable and accessible eye care programs to avoiding needless blindness from sickle cell retinopathy.