Browsing by Author "Oluwasola, A. O."

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An overview of the genetics of cervical cancer.
(2018) Gbadegesin, M. A.; Soremekun, O.; Oluwasola, T. A. O.; Okolo, C. A.; Oluwasola, A. O.
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, and the seventh of all human cancers. It is the most rampant cancer of the female genital tract in the developing world and manifests in two common histological subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma which is derived from squamous cells of the cervix and cervical adenocarcinoma which arose from the glandular cells. Most cases of deaths from cervical cancer occur in the less developed countries of the world where there are ineffective screening systems. Factors that increase the risk for developing cervical cancer include infection by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) as the main direct factor and other indirect factors such as smoking, dietary habits, age, race, socioeconomic status, sexual history, use of oral contraceptives, high parity and the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Identifying the genetic alterations that predispose to or associate with cervical cancer will help in the screening of patients at risk of the cancer thereby allowing early diagnosis and prompt management with better outcomes. In this review we describe the role of HPV DNA integration into the host cellular genome, the effects of viral E6 and E7 proteins, and the loss of heterozygosity as genetic factors in cervical cancer.
Bl-RADS lexicon: An urgent call for the standardization of breast ultrasound in Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors, University College Hospital, 2005) Obajimi, M. O.; Akute, O. O.; Afolabi, A. O.; Adenipekun, A. A.; Oluwasola, A. O.; Akang, E. E. U.; Joel, R. U.; Adeniji-Sofoluwe, A. T. S.; Olopade, F.; Newstead, G.; Schmutz, R.; Sennett, C.
Ultrasound technology and its ability to demonstrate breast anatomy and pathology has changed dramatically and rapidly in the last decade, sonography is now utilized to characterize and manage palpable and mammographic abnormalities. It is also useful in evaluating nipple discharge and mammary implants. Breast ultrasound (BUS) is on invaluable tool for assessing the extent of malignant disease and regional lymph nodes is also available for evaluation of the breast after breast cancer treatment. All of the above have encouraged the development of Bl-RADS ultrasound to further improve and standardize Breast Sonography. This Lexicon is being presented to radiologists, breast surgeons, breast oncologists, breast pathologists, and breast sonographers.
Comparative efficacy of visual inspection with acetic acid versus cytology for cervical cancer screening in Ogbomoso, Nigeria
(Medip Academy, 2017) Abiodun, A. B.; Durodola, A. O.; Ajani, M . A.; Amole, I. O.; Abiodun, A. D.; Oluwasola, A. O.
Screening test for cervical cancer using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) has been advocated by World Health Organization as a suitable, low cost and feasible alternative modality for control of cervical cancer in resource-poor settings as compared to cytological and colposcopic screening. The need for reproducibility, accuracy and comparable efficacy will influence the acceptability of VIA as primary screening modalities for cervical cancer. Methods: A cross–sectional comparative study conducted at BUTH. Data were obtained from 318 consenting women aged 30–65 years using a systematic random sampling method and an interviewer–administered structured questionnaire. Pap smear samples were taken followed by visual inspection with acetic acid. Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0, Frequencies were obtained and Chi-square test (X2 ) was used to compare rates and proportions with the level of statistical significance set at less than 0.05. Results: Positive results for premalignant cervical lesion was 1.3% and 4.1% for VIA and Pap smear respectively (X2=4.52; p=0.034). The sensitivity of VIA was 7.7% with positive predictive value of 25% while specificity was 99.0% with a negative predictive value of 96.2%. The prevalence of abnormal cervical lesion in the population studied was 4.1% (95% CI 2.2% – 6.9%). Conclusions: The detection rate for pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix using VIA was significantly lower than that of Pap smear in this study. There may be needed to exercise caution in adopting VIA as primary screening modality for cervical cancer.
Correlation of cag-A serological status with histological parameters of chronic gastritis among dyspeptic patients in south western Nigeria
(2012) Oluwasola, A. O.; Otegbayo, J. A.; Ola, S.O.; Ebili, H. O.; Afplabi, A. O.; Odaibo, G. N.
"BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to determine the sero-prevalence of Cag-A strains of Helicobacter pylori in both dyspeptic and non-dyspeptic individuals and also correlate the serological status of Gag-A strain of H. pylori with the various graded histological variables of chronic gastritis in the dyspeptic patients. METHODS:Using helicobacter p120 Cag-A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Cag-A serology test was carried out on 65 dyspeptic patients and 65 age and sex matched non-dyspeptic controls. The gastric biopsies of the patients were also histologically examined to ascertain the presence, nature and degree of the following histological variables of gastritis: colonisation by H. pylori; inflammation, intestinal metaplasia and mucosal atrophy. The CagA serological status was then correlated with the graded variables. RESULTS:A prevalence of 46.2% and 58.8% seropositivity for Cag-A strain of H. pylori was found among dyspeptic patients and control individuals respectively. Cag-A seropositive patients accounted for nine(81.8%) of the 11 cases with moderate to severe activity and 75% of both cases with mucosal atrophy and cases with intestinal metaplasia. CONCLUSION:Infection with Cag-A positive Helicobacter pylori was equally prevalent among both dyspeptic patients and control subjects studied. CagA seropositivity, however, appeared to be associated with higher inflammatory activity in the mucosa of patients with chronic gastritis and may be associated with intestinal metaplasia and mucosal atrophy in H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis."
Diagnostic accuracy of tru-cut biopsy of breast lumps at University College Hospital, Ibadan.
(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2015) Oluwasola, A. O.; Adeoye, A. O.; Afolabi, A. O.; Adeniji-Sofoluwe, A. T.; Salami, A.; Ajani M. A.; Ogundiran, T. O.; Obajimi M. O.
Tru-cut needle biopsies form an integral part of Triple assessment of breast cancer and include clinical assessment, mammography and core needle biopsy. No study has been done to evaluate the validity o f the procedure in our environment. This study was done to evaluate the validity of core needle biopsies in our centre. Method'. A retrospective study of patients with tru-, cut needle biopsies of breast lumps and follow-up excisional biopsy or m astectomy done in the Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan over a ten year period was done. Fifty one patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria had their records obtained from the Department of Pathology. The diagnosis was classified into benign and malignant with the excisional biopsy or mastectomy diagnosis used as the gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated and kappa was also done to evaluate the degree of agreement. Results'. A total of 51 cases were included in this study. The average age o f the patients was 47±13years with a range from 19 to 81 years. Thirty of the biopsies (59%) had a definitive diagnosis of malignancy while twenty one (41%) were benign. The overall sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 86%, 71% and 80.4% respectively. The specificity of malignant biopsies was 68% while benign was 35%. The level of agreement for malignant biopsies was higher than benign biopsies with a kappa of 0.39 for malignant diagnosis as against 0.29 for benign. C onclusion: T ru-cut needle biopsies have a comparable sensitivity and specificity to excisional biopsies. Diagnostic accuracy can be further enhanced with the adoption of image guided biopsies.
The expression status of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in epithelial ovarian cancer in Ibadan, Nigeria
(2016) Ajani, M. A.; Salami, A.; Awolude, O. A.; Oluwasola, A. O.; Akang, E. E. U.
Background: It has been proposed that the overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu protooncogene) could be a possible therapeutic target in epithelial ovarian cancer, as has been the case in breast carcinomas. However, there is lack of knowledge on the status of the gene in neoplasms which occur in black women. The objective of this study was to determine HER2/neu expression status in EOC in black women. Method: Ninety cases of EOC were evaluated for HER2/neu protein expression using immunohistochemistry. Results: HER-2/neu expression was observed in 33 of the 90 cases (37%), of which 15 EOC cases (17%) were weakly or moderately positive, and 18 (20%) strongly positive. A significant association was not found between HER-2/neu expression and age, International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, grading and histological subtypes (p-values of 0.463, 0.360, 0.975 and 0.168, respectively). However, there were more cases of advanced-stage disease (III/IV) with HER-2 expression than early-stage EOC (I/II). In this study, 21%, 36% and 42% of HER2/neu-positive tumours were grades 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A higher proportion of serous carcinomas (as opposed to mucinous carcinomas) was also observed to be ER2/neu positive. Conclusion: HER2/neu expression was observed to increase with advanced stages of cancer, and was more commonly seen in serous, rather than in mucinous, carcinomas.
Hormone–receptor expression status of epithelial ovarian cancer in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria
(African Field Epidemiology Network, 2017) Ajani, M. A.; Salami, A.; Awolude, O. A.; Oluwasola, A. O.
Epidemiological evidence strongly suggests that steroid hormones are implicated in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Estrogen receptor (ER) and Progesterone receptor (PR) are prognostic indicators for a number of epithelial tumors and may play the same role in ovarian cancers. This study aims to evaluate the expression of ER and PR in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in an African population and compare it with other prognostic factors such as age, International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, grade and histological subtype. Methods: Ninety cases of histologically confirmed EOC were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess their ER and PR expression status and was then compared with other demographic variables using statistical methods, with level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: 30.2% and 8.3% of serous and mucinous carcinomas respectively were ER positive while 41.2% and 22.5% of both tumour types were PR positive. One of the two endometrioid carcinomas showed PR expression but neither were positive for ER. The only case of Brenner tumour in the series was ER positive but negative for PR. There was a significant association between ER and the histological subtypes (p = 0.042) while no significant association was found between PR expression and histological subtypes (p = 0.650). No significant association was found between hormone receptor status, age and stage of the EOC. Conclusion: The study showed a lower ER expression in serous carcinoma compared to large cohorts from developed countries. Future translational studies could be used to determine response of EOC to endocrine therapy.
Mutation analysis of p53 gene in cervical cancer and useful polymorphic variants in exons 3 and 4
(2021) Gbadegesin, M. A.; Omotosho, O. E.; Oluwasola, T. A. O.; Okolo, C. A.; Oluwasola, A. O.; Soremekun, O.; Ogun, G. O.; Abideen O. O.; Oyeronke A. O.
Background: Factors contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of cervical cancer include poor attitude to screening and health intervention, late presentation, among others. Mutations in p53 gene have been attributed to several cancer cases. The present study was designed to find relationships between the mutation patterns in p53 gene and cervical carcinoma staging. Such knowledge could contribute to early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Results: From the sequence analysis of p53 gene fragment isolated by polymerase chain reactions (PCR), nineteen (19) polymorphic variants were identified. Missense mutations occurred in 47% of the samples, 32% were silent mutations, 16% were frameshift mutations and 5% nonsense mutations. Socio-biological characteristics of the study participants revealed that 60% have husbands with multiple sexual partners and that only 23.3% of the participants have ever had the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear test prior to diagnosis, whilst 20% were unaware of the screening test. Conclusions: Increased severity of cervical carcinoma staging as revealed from the histopathological analysis was found to be associated with accumulation of higher levels of mutations in the p53 gene. Molecular analysis of p53 gene mutations may prove useful as a screening biomarker for cervical cancer.
Pattern of triple negative epithelial ovarian cancer in indigenous African women
(2016) Ajani, M. A.; Salami, A. A.; Awolude, O. A.; Oluwasola, A. O.
Background: Triple negative epithelial ovarian cancer (TNEOC) refers to ovarian carcinomas that do not express estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor- type 2 (HER-2/neu). The aim of this study is to determine the pattern of triple negative epithelial ovarian cancer in indigenous African women. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of ER, PR and HER-2/neu expression in 90 Nigerian patients with histologically diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer. Lack of expression of ER, PR and HER2/neu antigens was used to determine carcinomas that are among the TNEOC. We also compared the clinicopathological parameters (age, International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, grade and histological subtype) in patients with TNEOC and non- TNEOC . Results: Thirty-eight (42.2%) of the 90 tumours diagnosed as EOC were negative for ER, PR and HER2/neu expression. There was no significant association between TNEOC with other parameters such as age, FIGO stage and histological grade. Sixteen (66.7%) of the 24 mucinous carcinomas were triple negative, while only 21 (33.3%) of the 63 serous carcinomas were triple-negative and one (50%) of the two endometrioid carcinomas was triple negative. There was a significant association between triple-negative tumours and histological subtypes of EOC (p = 0.034). Conclusions: A subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer that is negative for ER, PR and HER-2/neu has been discovered in indigenous African women. TNEOC expression is high and is comparable to the triple negative breast cancer subtype seen in people of African ancestry. Future study of TNEOC in a large sample size should be considered.
Pattern of triple negative epithelial ovarian cancer in indigenous African women.
(F1000 Research Ltd, 2016-09) Ajani, M. A.; Salami, A. A.; Awolude, O. A.; Oluwasola, A. O.
Triple negative epithelial ovarian cancer (TNEOC) refers to ovarian carcinomas that do not express estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor- type 2 (HER-2/neu). The aim of this study is to determine the pattern of triple negative epithelial ovarian cancer in indigenous African women. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of ER, PR and HER-2/neu expression in 90 Nigerian patients with histologically diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer. Lack of expression of ER, PR and HER2/neu antigens was used to determine carcinomas that are among the TNEOC. We also compared the clinicopathological parameters (age, International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, grade and histological subtype) in patients with TNEOC and non- TNEOC . Results: Thirty-eight (42.2%) of the 90 tumours diagnosed as EOC were negative for ER, PR and HER2/neu expression. There was no significant association between TNEOC with other parameters such as age, FIGO stage and histological grade. Sixteen (66.7%) of the 24 mucinous carcinomas were triple negative, while only 21 (33.3%) of the 63 serous carcinomas were triple-negative and one (50%) of the two endometrioid carcinomas was triple negative. There was a significant association between triple-negative tumours and histological subtypes of EOC (p = 0.034). Conclusions: A subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer that is negative for ER, PR and HER-2/neu has been discovered in indigenous African women. TNEOC expression is high and is comparable to the triple negative breast cancer subtype seen in people of African ancestry. Future study of TNEOC in a large sample size should be considered.
The expression status of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in epithelial ovarian cancer in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Medpharm Publications, 2016) Ajani, M. A.; Salami, A.; Awolude, O.A.; Oluwasola, A. O.; Akang, E. E. U.
It has been proposed that the overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu proto oncogene) could be a possible therapeutic target in epithelial ovarian cancer, as has been the case in breast carcinomas. However, there is lack of knowledge on the status of the gene in neoplasms which occur in black women. The objective of this study was to determine HER2/neu expression status in EOC in black women. Method: Ninety cases of EOC were evaluated for HER2/neu protein expression using immunohistochemistry. Results: HER-2/neu expression was observed in 33 of the 90 cases (37%), of which 15 EOC cases (17%) were weakly or moderately positive, and 18 (20%) strongly positive. A significant association was not found between HER-2/neu expression and age, International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, grading and histological subtypes (p-values of 0.463, 0.360, 0.975 and 0.168, respectively). However, there were more cases of advanced stage disease (III/IV) with HER-2 expression than early-stage EOC (I/II). In this study, 21%, 36% and 42% of HER2/neu-positive tumours were grades 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A higher proportion of serous carcinomas (as opposed to mucinous carcinomas) was also observed to be HER2/neu positive. Conclusion: HER2/neu expression was observed to increase with advanced stages of cancer, and was more commonly seen in serous, rather than in mucinous, carcinomas.