Browsing by Author "Omotade, O. O."

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Anti-sickling activities of two isolated compounds from the root of Combretum racemosum P. beauv. (Combretaceae)
(Elsevier Inc., 2021) Famojuro, T. I.; Ajayi, T. O.; Fasola, F. A.; Fukushi, Y.; Omotade, O. O.; Moody, J. O.; Adeyemi, A. A.
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Evaluation of plants such as Combretum racemosum with claimed traditional use in the management of sickle cell anaemia in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa could serve as a useful research strategy in the search for potential anti-sickling drugs and templates. Aim of the study: This study aimed at evaluating the antisickling potential of C. racemosum by activity-guided purification and isolation of its active constituents. Materials and methods: Crude methanol extract of the root of C. racemosum and the fractions obtained by par titioning with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous were investigated for anti-sickling activity against sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of sickle cell haemoglobin (HbSS). Repeated chromatographic separations were conducted on the most active chloroform fraction to purify and isolate bioactive compounds for further tests for anti-sickling activity. The characterization of the isolated compounds was done by mass spectrometry (FD+MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 HNMR) spectroscopy. Results: The chloroform fraction (FA) (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 3.0 to 34.1) exhibited better anti sickling activity than aqueous (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 38.9 to 51.5) as well as the crude methanol (% sickled erythrocyte ranged from 19.1 to 30.4). Hence, the phytochemical investigation was focused on the chloroform fraction, which led to the identification of two ellagic acid derivatives (3,3′ ,4′ -tri-O-methyl ellagic acid (A) and 3,3′ -di-O- methyl ellagic acid (B). The two isolated compounds possessed good, comparable anti sickling activities with compound A exhibiting a slightly better in vitro activity. Conclusion: This paper reports for the first time anti-sickling principles from C. racemosum and therefore, provided some justification for the ethnomedicinal use of the plant in the management of sickle cell disease.
Antisickling activity of the fresh and dried roots of cissus populnea guill. Et perr (vitaceae)
(Nigerian Society of Pharmacognosy, 2015) Adebayo, E. M.; Adeyemi, A. A.; Omotade, O. O.; Fasola, F. A.; Ajayi, T. O.; Attah, F. A.; Famojuro, T. I.; Adebisi, L.; Moody, J. O.
Research into plants with claimed traditional use in the management of sickle cell anaemia constitutes a useful research strategy in the search for new antisickling drugs and templates. The root of Cissus populnea has been used traditionally in the management of sickle cell disease (SCD). Phytochemical screening of the fresh and powdered sample of the root of C. populnea (CP) was done using standard methods followed by in vitro antisickling evaluation of extracts, solvent-partitioned fraction (ethylacetate) and the vacuum liquid chromatographic fractions (VLC) of the fresh and dried roots of C. populnea with sodium metabisulphite induced sickling of HbSS erythrocytes. p-hydroxybenzoic acid and normal saline were used as positive and negative controls respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides. The result of this study showed that the extracts and solvent-partitioned fraction (ethylacetate) from the root of CP have antisickling property with a higher activity for the ethylacetate partitioned fraction of the dried roots compared to that of the fresh roots. The VLC fractions exhibited higher activity than the crude extracts; fraction 3 (FR3) had the maximum activity of 96.4% while 88.6% activity was demonstrated for the standard drug (PABA) at an incubation time of 45 min. This study has thus provided scientific evidence for the traditional use of CP in the management of SCD.
Demographic and laboratory evidence of non sexual transmission of HIV in Nigeria
(MEDIMOND, 2004) Odaibo, G. N.; Bamgbose, G.; Jegede, A. S.; Sankale, J. L.; Omotade, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.; Kanki, P.
Apart from heterosexual transmission, not much is known about the contribution of the other modes of spread of HIV in Africa. To evaluate the importance of non-sexual/non-vertical transmission in adults and children in Nigeria, data from mother-child pairs (community and hospital) and a community HIV surveillance among adult populations in two communities of Oyo State in SW Nigeria were analysed. In the community-based mother-child pair HIV testing, 18 of 476 (3.8%) under 5 years children were positive for HIV antibodies with only one positive mother-child pair. In the hospital surveillance (1996-1997) 10(7.0%) children of 132 mother-child pairs were positive while three (30%) of the 10 mothers were HIV negative. Similarly, 5(10%) of the mothers of 10 H1V positive children (2004) were HIV negative. In another community study, 5(13.2%) of the 38 adults from Ibadan and 12(4.8%) of 251 from Saki who claimed they never had sexual experience were HIV positive. Use of contaminated instruments and blood transfusion remain important routes of transmission of HIV in Nigeria.
Differences in the malariometric indices of asymptomatic carriers in three communities in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Amodu, O. K.; Olumide, A. O.; Uchendu, O. C.; Amodu, F. A.; Omotade, O. O.
This study was conducted to determine the malariometric indices of children in three different settings in Ibadan,Nigeria. Children were recruited from an urban slum (Oloomi) and a periurban (Sasa) and a rural community (Igbanda) in Ibadan. Children aged between 2 and 10 years were randomly selected from primary schools in the urban and periurban areas. In the rural community, children were recruited fromthe centre of the village. A total of 670 (55.0%) out of 1218 children recruited were positive formalaria parasitaemia.The urban population had the highest proportion of children with malaria parasitaemia. Splenomegaly was present in 31.5%, hepatomegaly in 41.5%, hepatosplenomegaly in 27.5%, and anaemia in 25.2% of the children.The parasite density was not significantly different among children in the three communities. Children in the rural community had the highest mean PCV of 34.2% and the lowest rates of splenomegaly (6.1%), hepatomegaly (7.6%), and hepatosplenomegaly (4.6%).The spleen rates, liver rates, and presence of hepatosplenomegaly and anaemia were similar in the urban and periurban communities.The malariometric indices among the asymptomatic carriers were high, especially in the urban slum. This stresses the need for intensified efforts at controlling the disease in the study area.
Differences in the malariometric indices of asymptomatic carriers in three communities in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Amodu, O. K.; Olumide, A. O.; Uchendu, O. C.; Amodu, F. A.; Omotade, O. O.
This study was conducted to determine the malariometric indices of children in three different settings in Ibadan,Nigeria. Children were recruited from an urban slum (Oloomi) and a periurban (Sasa) and a rural community (Igbanda) in Ibadan. Children aged between 2 and 10 years were randomly selected from primary schools in the urban and periurban areas. In the rural community, children were recruited fromthe centre of the village. A total of 670 (55.0%) out of 1218 children recruited were positive formalaria parasitaemia.The urban population had the highest proportion of children with malaria parasitaemia. Splenomegaly was present in 31.5%, hepatomegaly in 41.5%, hepatosplenomegaly in 27.5%, and anaemia in 25.2% of the children.The parasite density was not significantly different among children in the three communities. Children in the rural community had the highest mean PCV of 34.2% and the lowest rates of splenomegaly (6.1%), hepatomegaly (7.6%), and hepatosplenomegaly (4.6%).The spleen rates, liver rates, and presence of hepatosplenomegaly and anaemia were similar in the urban and periurban communities.The malariometric indices among the asymptomatic carriers were high, especially in the urban slum. This stresses the need for intensified efforts at controlling the disease in the study area.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II infections in mother-child paris in Nigeria
(Oxford University Press, 1999) Olaleye, D. O.; Omotade, O. O.; Sheng, Z.; Adeyemo, A. A.; Odaibo, G. N.
"A community-based survey to determine the prevalence of human T-cell Iymphotropic type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) virus infections in mothers and children in south-western Nigeria was carried out using blood samples collected in 1993. A multistage cluster, random sampling procedure was used to select 460 mother-child pairs (476 children because there were 16 sets of twills) from 14 enumeration areas. A commercially available, whole HTLV-I lysate antigen-based ELISA method was used to screen for HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibodies in the samples. A synthetic peptide antigen-based ELISA was then used to differentiate between antibody reactivity to either HTLV-I or HTL V-ll. Reactivity to HTLV-I or HTLV -II antibodies was found in 43 per cent (20/460) of mothers and in 1.1 per cent (5/476) of children in both rural and urban communities and all the positive children were males. None of the 16 sets of twins in this study was positive for either HTLV-I or HTLV-ll. Also none of the mother-child paired sera tested showed concordance for either HTLV-I or HTLV-II antibody positivity. The lack of concordance between mother and child sera suggests that vertical transmission may not be the major route of transmission of HTLV infection to children in south-western Nigeria. Other modes of transmission, such as the re-use of unsterilized needles for injections and surgical knives in local scarification, which are common practices in the region, need to be investigated as they may prove to be more important than vertical transmission. These findings have important implications for any control programme for diseases that can be spread by the same routes as HTL V infection (the human immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C infections)."
Incidence and burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a community-based cohort o under-five years children in Nigeria.
(2013) Odaibo, G. N.; Forbi, J. C.; Omotade, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.
"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) in children under 5 years. Most of the available epidemiological information on RSV infection are from developed countries where denominator based studies have been done. We hereby describe our findings in a WHO sponsored study that estimated the incidence of the RSV infection in children in urban and rural communities in Nigeria. The study was designed as a prospective, population-based cohort of under-five children in an urban (Eleta) and a rural (Ijaiye) community in Oyo State, Nigeria. Nasopharyngeal wash was collected from each child with LRI into sterile plain 5mls tubes and transported daily to the laboratory on ice. An aliquot of each specimen was tested for presence of RSV antigen using an EIA and another aliquot inoculated into Hep2 cell line for virus isolation. Data analyses were performed using the EPIINFO version 6.0. Frequencies were compared using chi-square test at 95% confidential level and incidence reported as per 1000 child years. A total of 2,015 children were enrolled for the study among which 413 episode of LRI occurred. The overall incidence of RSV associated LRI during the 2 years of follow-up was 125/1000 child years. The incidence of RSV in Ijaye was 1.6 times (CI, 0.31 – 1.2) and 1.9 times (CI, 0.9 – 3.6) higher than that of Eleta in the first year and second year respectively. The highest incidence of RSV infection occurred among the age group 3-5 months in Eleta and the age group 9-11 months in Ijaiye. No gender preponderance in the incidence of RSV was observed. This study provided for the first time, a denominator based prevalence and incidence of RSV at the community level in Nigeria. The rates of RSV among under-five children in rural and urban communities in Nigeria are high."
Study of streptomycin‑induced ototoxicity: protocol for a longitudinal study
(2016) Adeyemo, A. A.; Oluwatosin, O.; Omotade, O. O.
Hearing impairment is due to various causes including ototoxicity from aminoglycosides. The susceptibility to aminoglycosides increases in the presence of certain mitochondria gene mutations. There is unrestrained use of aminoglycosides in many developing nations which may worsen the burden of hearing impairment in these countries but there is lack of data to drive required policy changes. Streptomycin (an aminoglycoside) is part of the drug regimen in re-treatment of tuberculosis. Exploring the impact of streptomycin ototoxicity in tuberculosis patients provides a unique opportunity to study aminoglycoside ototoxicity within the population thus providing data that can inform policy. Also, since streptomycin ototoxicity could adversely affect treatment adherence in tuberculosis patients this study could enable better pre-treatment counseling with subsequent better treatment adherence. Patients on tuberculosis re-treatment will be recruited longitudinally from Direct Observation Therapy-Short course centers. A baseline full audiologic assessment will be done before commencement of treatment and after completion of treatment. Early detection of ototoxicity will be determined using the American Speech and Hearing Association criteria and genetic analysis to determine relevant mitochondria gene mutations will be done. The incidence of ototoxicity in the cohort will be analyzed. Both Kaplan–Meier survival curve and Cox proportional hazards tests will be utilized to determine factors associated with development of ototoxicity and to examine association between genotype status and ototoxicity. This study will provide data on the burden and associated predictors of developing aminoglycoside induced ototoxicity. This will inform public health strategies to regulate aminoglycoside usage and optimization of treatment adherence and the management of drug-induced ototoxicity among TB patients. Furthermore the study will describe mitochondrial gene mutations associated with ototoxicity in the African population