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Item Toxicological outcome of exposure to psychoactive drugs carbamazepine and diazepam on non-target insect Nauphoeta cinerea(Elsevier Ltd., 2021) Adedara, I. A.; Ajayi, B. O.; Afolabi, B. A.; Awogbindin, I. O.; Rocha, J. B. T.; Farombi, E. O.The continuous detection of human pharmaceuticals during environmental biomonitoring is a global concern because of thè menaces they may exert on non-target organisms. Carbamazepine (CBZ) and diazepam (DZP) are commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs which have been reported to coexist in thè environment globally. Nauphoeta cinerea is a common insect with high ecological impact. This study elucidated thè influence of co-exposure to DZP (0.5 and 1.0 pg kg-1 diet) and CBZ (1.5 and 3.0 pg kg~* diet) for 42 days on thè behavior and biochemical responses in Nauphoeta cinerea. Results showed that DZP alone did not induce adverse effect on thè behavior and antioxidant status in thè exposed insects. However, exposure to CBZ alone and binary mixtures of DZP and CBZ significantly decreased locomotor and exploratory accomplishments evidenced by decreased mobile episodes, total mobile time, maximum speed, total distance traveled, absolute turn angle, body rotation and path efficiency in comparison with control. The decline observed in thè exploratory activities of insects fed with CBZ alone and thè mixtures was confirmed by tracie plots and heat maps. Further, acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased significantly whereas reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation levels increased significantly in thè hemolymph, head and midgut of insects exposed to CBZ alone and thè mixtures. Collectively, CBZ alone and binary mixtures of CBZ and DZP .Item Hazardous impact of diclofenac exposure on thè behavior and antioxidant defense System in Nauphoeta cinerea(Elsevier Ltd., 2020) Adedara, I. A.; Awogbindin, I. O.; Afolabi, B. A.; Ajayi, B. O.; Rocha, J. B. T.; Farombi, E. O.Environmental pollution by pharmaceuticals such as diclofenac (DCF) is globally acknowledged to be a threat to thè ecosystems. Nauphoeta cinerea is an important insect with valuable ecological role. The present investigation aimed to elucidate thè impact of DCF on insects by assessing thè behavior and antioxidant defense response in nymphs ofN. cinerea exposed to DCF-contaminated food at 0,0.5,1.0 and 2.0 pg kg~* feed for 42 successive days. Subsequent to exposure period, neurobehavioral analysis using video-tracking software in a novel apparatus was performed before estimation of biochemical endpoints in thè head, midgut and hemolymph of thè insects. Results indicated that DCF-exposed insects exhibited marked reduction in thè maximum speed, total distance traveled, mobile episodes, total mobile time, body rotation, absolute turn angle and path efficiency, whereas thè total freezing time was increased compared with thè control. The diminution in thè exploratory activities of DCF-exposed insects was substantiated by heat maps and track plots. Additionally, DCF elicited marked diminution in antioxidant enzyme and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities along with increase in nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in thè head, midgut and hemolymph of thè insects. Taken together, DCF elicited neurotoxicity and oxido-inflammatory stress in exposed insects. N. cinerea may be a suitable model insect for environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in non-target insect species.