Scholarly works in Psychiatry
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Item Parental psychopathology and the risk of suicidal behavior in their offspring: results from the world mental health surveys(Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2011) Gureje, O.; Oladeji, B.; Hwang, I.; Chiu, W. T.; Kessler, R. C.; Sampson, N. A.; Alonso, J.; Andrade, L. H.; Beautrais, A.; Borges, G.; Bromet, E.; Bruffaerts, R.; de Girolamo, G.; de Graaf, R.; Gal, G.; He, Y.; Hu, C.; Iwata, N.; Karam, E. G.; Kovess-Masféty, V.; Matschinger, H.; Moldovan, M. V.; Posada-Villa, J.; Sagar, R.; Scocco, P.; Seedat, S.; Tomov, T.; Nock, M. K.Previous research suggests that parental psychopathology predicts suicidal behavior among offspring; however, the more fine-grained associations between specific parental disorders and distinct stages of the pathway to suicide are not well understood. We set out to test the hypothesis that parental disorders associated with negative mood would predict offspring suicide ideation, whereas disorders characterized by impulsive aggression (for example, antisocial personality) and anxiety/agitation (for example, panic disorder) would predict which offspring act on their suicide ideation and make a suicide attempt. Data were collected during face-to-face interviews conducted on nationally representative samples (N= 55 299; age 18þ) from 21 countries around the world. We tested the associations between a range of parental disorders and the onset and persistence over time (that is, time since most recent episode controlling for age of onset and time since onset) of subsequent suicidal behavior (suicide ideation, plans and attempts) among offspring. Analyses tested bivariate and multivariate associations between each parental disorder and distinct forms of suicidal behavior. Results revealed that each parental disorder examined increased the risk of suicide ideation among offspring, parental generalized anxiety and depression emerged as the only predictors of the onset and persistence (respectively) of suicide plans among offspring with ideation, whereas parental antisocial personality and anxiety disorders emerged as the only predictors of the onset and persistence of suicide attempts among ideators. A dose-response relation between parental disorders and respondent risk of suicide ideation and attempt was also found. Parental death by suicide was a particularly strong predictor of persistence of suicide attempts among offspring. These associations remained significant after controlling for comorbidity of parental disorders and for the presence of mental disorders among offspring. These findings should inform future explorations of the mechanisms of intergenerational transmission of suicidal behavior.Item The gateway hypothesis of substance abuse: an examination of its applicability in Nigeria general population(Informa Healthcare USA, Inc., 2010) Makanjuola, V. A.; Oladeji, B. D.; Gureje, O.The study aims to estimate the prevalence and predictors of not following the gateway theory. Respondents were selected from a multistage stratified clustered sampling of households in five of Nigeria’s six geopolitical regions. Interviews were conducted between February 2002 and May 2003 using the CIDI-version.3 with a total sample size (N) of 2,143. Cumulative incidence proportions of not following a gateway pattern were estimated with SUDAAN. Predictors of this were estimated using multivariate logistic regression models. The deviation from the normative sequence of drug use occurs albeit infrequently. The public health implications of this are discussed as well as the limitations of the findings.Item Family related adverse childhood experiences as risk factors for psychiatric disorders in Nigeria(Cambridge University Press, 2010) Oladeji, B. D.; Makanjuola, V. A.; Gureje, O."Adverse childhood experiences have been associated with a variety of mental health problems in adult life. Aims To examine whether this reported link between childhood experiences and mental health disorders in adult life applies in a Sub-Saharan African setting where cultural and family attributes may be different. Method A multistage random sampling was used in the Nigerian Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHW) to select respondents for face-to-face interviews. Assessments of family-related adverse childhood experiences and lifetime mental health disorders were conducted with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Results Almost half of the respondents had experienced an adverse childhood experience within the context of the family before they were 16 years of age. Associations between adverse childhood experiences and adult mental health disorders were few and were attenuated when clustering of adverse childhood experience and disorder comorbidities were accounted for. There was an elevated likelihood of adult substance use disorders among individuals who had experienced family violence and neglect or abuse. Parental psychopathology was associated with a significantly increased risk for developing mood disorders. Conclusions Adverse childhood experiences reflecting violence in the family, parental criminality and parental mental illness and substance misuse were more likely to have significant mental health consequences in adulthood"Item The gateway hypothesis of substance abuse: an examination of its applicability in Nigeria general population(Informa Healthcare USA, Inc., 2010) Makanjuola, V. A.; Oladeji, B. D.; Gureje, O.The study aims to estimate the prevalence and predictors of not following the gateway theory. Respondents were selected from a multistage stratified clustered sampling of households in five of Nigeria’s six geopolitical regions. Interviews were conducted between February 2002 and May 2003 using the CIDI-version.3 with a total sample size (N) of 2,143. Cumulative incidence proportions of not following a gateway pattern were estimated with SUDAAN. Predictors of this were estimated using multivariate logistic regression models. The deviation from the normative sequence of drug use occurs albeit infrequently. The public health implications of this are discussed as well as the limitations of the findings.Item Neuropsychological evaluation for persons with HIV and AIDS(Oxford University Press, 2017-05) Oladeji, B. D.; Robertson, K. R.Item Global neuroAIDS(Springer, 2015) Oladeji, B. D.; Yosief, S.; Robertson, K. R.Item Mental health(Cambridge University Press, 2013) Gureje, O.; Oladeji, B.Item Mental health and HIV in Africa(Jones and Bartlett Learning, 2012) Oladeji, B. D.; Gureje, O.Item Mental disorders and earnings: results from the Nigerian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHW)(International Center of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 2012) Esan, O. B.; Kola, L.; Gureje, O.Background: Mental disorders are associated with a loss in earnings both at the individual and societal level. Very few studies have addressed the issue of the cost of mental illness in Sub-Saharan Africa. These studies have been largely hospital based, localized, and have addressed only a few mental disorders using very small sample sizes. Aims of the Study: To examine the impact of mental disorders on earnings of affected persons. Methods: Mental disorders on and personal earnings were assessed in a representative sample of 1,889 Nigerians aged 18-64 years in an epidemiological survey. Version 3.0 of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO CIDI) was used to assess mental disorders. Respondents were also asked to report their personal earnings before tax in the past 12 months, while authors predicted personal earnings in the same period from information about 12 month and life time DSM IV mental disorders among respondents. Results: A 12-month prevalence of Serious Mental Illness (SMI) was found in 0.5% of the sample while other 12-month disorders had a prevalence of 4.83%. The prevalence of other lifetime disorders was 4.14%. The mean annual impact of serious mental illness was 60,126 Naira (US$ 463). At the level of the society the annual impact was 21.6 billion Naira (US$ 166.2 million). Discussion: Mental disorders have an enormous individual and societal financial burden. This impact appears more severe in males. Implications for Health Care Provision and Use: Mental disorders have enormous negative impacts on earnings both at the individual and societal level. This analysis highlights the financial value of lost earnings in the absence of such disorders. Implications for Health Policies: An increase in spending on mental health based on proportionate economic burden of mental disorders may substantially reduce financial losses due to mental disorders. Implications for Further Research: In the present study, only the indirect health care costs have been assessed. Future research should consider direct costs.Item A Study of 31 Patients with Primary Complaint of Halitosis in a Tertiary Hospital in South-Western Nigeria.(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2019) Adeyemi, B.F.; Esan, O. B.; Akinyamoju, A. O.BACKGROUND: Halitosis is a common cause of dental consultation. Patients presenting with primary complaint of halitosis consist of dissatisfied people with genuine and pseudo-halitosis. OBJECTIVES: To assess the demographic and clinico-pathologic features of patients presenting with primary complaint of halitosis as well as evaluate the treatment outcome. METHODS: Consenting patients presenting with primary complaint of halitosis from 1st of March to 31st August, 2015 were recruited. All had intraoral examination, were screened for psychiatric morbidity and halitosis using the organoleptic method. Data concerning the complaint of halitosis was retrieved from all through an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. All the patients were educated on the aetiology of halitosis, those with oral disease were treated and all had scaling and polishing, oral hygiene instruction/motivation in addition to hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse for two weeks. Patients’ opinions were sought concerning the presence/ intensity of halitosis at two weeks and six months post treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients with a mean age of 38.48 years and male: female ratio of 1.3 were recruited. Intraoral pathology was observed in 48.4% of patients. None of the patients smoked cigarette or pipe. Twenty patients (64.5%) had been informed of the foulness of their breath by at least one person in the past; the information generated negative feelings in 19 of them. Six patients had psychiatric morbidity which was significantly associated with female gender and presence of body odour. At two weeks post treatment, 54.8% of patients were free of halitosis, while at six months only 25.8% were free. CONCLUSION: The patients who complained of halitosis were non-smokers with a mean age of 38.48±14.0 years. Intraoral pathologies were found in fifteen (15) patients, while six (6) had psychiatry morbidity. About half of the patients and about a quarter were free of halitosis following scaling and polishing and two weeks’ hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse at 2 weeks and 6 months’ reviews, respectively.