Scholarly works in Virology
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Item Fecal Antibiotic Resistome of Pigs from a Small-Scale Piggery in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria(ResearchersLinks (Nexus Academic Publishers, NAP), 2021-05-28) Olayinka, O. A.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Omotosho, O. O.; Odukaye, O. A.; Oluremi, B.; Ibitoye, I. H.; Ope-Ewe, O. O.; George, U. E.; Arowolo, O. A; Ifeorah, I. M.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Donbraye, E; Adeniji, O. P.; Adewumi, O. M.; Adeniji, J. A.This study was designed to sample the fecal Resistome of Pigs from a small-scale Piggery in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Three fecal pellets were randomly picked from the floor of unit pens containing a minimum of three pigs per unit in selected piggery in Ibadan, Nigeria. The samples were pooled and resuspended in phosphate buffered saline. The suspension was then subjected to nucleic acid extraction, Cdna synthesis and Illumina sequencing. Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the raw reads were determined and assembled using the Kmer Resistance tool v2.2. From the 2,974,257 reads generated, 21 ARGs with statistically significant reads were identified. Almost all targeted broad-spectrum antibiotics with over 50% targeting Tetracyclines. Five (ant(6)-Ia_3, tet(40)_1, tet(Q)_1, tet(W)_5 and tet(O/W)_4) of the ARGs were predicted to be plasmid-borne. Our findings show that the Swine industry in the region might be both a mixing pot and reservoir of ARGs. It is therefore crucial that effort is made to educate the stakeholders on the importance of good antibiotics stewardship.Item Faecal antibiotic resistome of Nigerian chimpanzees from a wildlife sanctuary in cross-river state, Nigeria(Nexus Academic Publishers (NAP), 2021) George, U. E.; Arowolo, O. A.; Olayinka, O. A.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Oluremi, B.; Oragwa, A.O.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Udoh, E. E.; Osasona, O. G.; Donbraye, E.; Adeniji, O. P.; Adewumi, O. M.; Adeniji, J. A."Out of prescription, indiscriminate use, misuse and abuse of antibiotic administration and/or usage in both humans and farm animals have led to a consistent interference and contamination of biomes and ecobiomes. These resultantly give platforms for positive selection of resistant pathogens and high levels of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs). We examined Nigerian Chimpanzees in Boki Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Cross-River State, Nigeria, to detect ARGs. Faecal samples from 15 Chimpanzees in pristine enclosures of Non-Human Primates in the Wildlife Sanctuary were analyzed. All faecal samples were pooled, then resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline. Subsequently, nucleic acid was extracted from the suspension and Illumina sequencing performed. ARGs in the raw reads were determined and assembled using the KmerResistance tool v2.2. From the 2,763,954 reads generated, 14 ARGs with statistically significant reads were identified. Precisely, 90.5% (12/14) of the ARGs detected target drugs that inhibit translation, of which 66.6% (8/12) were tetracycline resistance (TC-r) genes, while remaining 9.5% (2/14) inhibit cell wall synthesis (cfxA3_1 and cfxA6_1). Eight (aph(3’)-III_1, cfxA3_1, cfxA6_1, erm(B)_10, tet(Q)_1, tet(Q)_2, tet(Q)_4, tet(W)_5) of the ARGs detected were predicted to be plasmid-borne. We report using a cultivation-independent approach the presence of ARGs in Nigerian Chimpanzees. Findings suggest Nigerian Chimpanzees may constitute a hitherto overlooked source of antibiotic resistance in the environment. These ARGs may have been exchanged with handlers and rural dwellers around the Sanctuary. Surveillance of sympatric human faecal and environmental microbiota and their resistomes at the Wildlife Sanctuary are merited to inform public health interventions and decrease ARGs dissemination."Item A possible risk of environmental exposure to HEV in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(Taylor & Francis, 2020-08-13) Olayinka, A.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Omotosho, O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Odukaye, O.; Bolaji, O.; Ibitoye, I.; Ope-Ewe, O.; Adewumi, M. O.; Adeniji, J. A."Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is both a major public health concern and emerging global health concern, with a documented incidence of 20 million, 3.4 million clinical cases, 70,000 deaths, and 3,000 stillbirths. The aetiologic agent, HEV is a primarily enterally transmitted hepatotropic virus. Fecal samples were collected from three selected pig farms across Ibadan, South-west Nigeria. Randomly picked samples were pooled per unit pen and fecal suspensions prepared were subjected to HEV Antigen (Ag) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular probing was done by Reverse Transcription and nested polymerase reaction (RT-nPCR) and deep sequencing. Sequencing was done paired-end for 300 cycles using the HiSeq system. Overall farm prevalence of 66.7% (2/3) and prevalence at individual level of 13.2% (9/68) were recorded. All nine samples positive for the ELISA screen were negative when subjected to RT-nPCR assays. Further, on deep sequencing, no HEV genomic fragment was found in the sample using de-novo assembly. Findings suggest possibly inapparent HEV in the pigs studied or a yet to be identified protein with HEV-Ag cross-reactivity ability on ELISA, thus constituting a possible risk of exposure to HEV infection in the population. Consequently, we recommend prompt intervention to unravel the mystery and break the chain of transmission.Item Serological markers of HBV infection: A community-based study of urban dwellers in Southwest Nigeria(African Society for Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2020) Akere, A.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Dafikpaku, I. N.; Oni, O. E.; Tomo, O. V.; Akinola, A. O.; Onyenucheya, A. G.; Adeniji, J. A.Background and Aim: Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been a major public health issue. In sub-Saharan Africa, about 10–20% of the general population are chronic carriers of HBV infection, making it a high endemic region. This study was designed to evaluate the pattern of distribution of markers of HBV among asymptomatic subjects in an urban community in southwest Nigeria. Methodology: The study was carried out among apparently healthy subjects without prior knowledge of their HBV status. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic and relevant information, while ELISA kits were used to detect HBsAg/Ab, HBeAg/Ab, Total anti-HBc, and anti-HBc IgM using the participants’ sera. Results: The results of 438 subjects comprising 133 (30.4%) males and 305 (69.6%) females were analysed, age ranged 1.5–70 years (35.7 ± 15.7 years). Overall, 31 (7.1%) of the participants had detectable HBsAg, 2 (6.5%) and 7 (1.6%) subjects had detectable HBeAg and anti-HBc IgM respectively. Anti-HBs was detected in 83 (18.9%) subjects, while 39 (8.9%) had anti-HBe. Of the HBsAg positive participants, 13 (3.2%) were also positive for both anti-HBc IgM and HBeAg, 25 (80.6%) had anti-HBe, while 3 (9.7%) had only anti-HBc IgM. None of them had anti-HBs. Among those who were HBsAg negative, 83 (20.4%) had anti-HBs as the only serological marker, while 313 (76.9%) had no serological markers of HBV infection. Only 145 of the total population were tested for anti-HBc Total, of whom 65 (44.8%) were positive. Conclusion: This study has highlighted the burden of HBV infection in the population studied. There is therefore the need for more awareness through information programmes to the public and for preventive measures through vaccination programmes.Item Characterization of hepatitis delta virus strains spreading in Abuja, Nigeria(Wiley Periodicals, Inc.,, 2019) Ifeorah, I. M.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Bakarey, A. S.; Adewumi, O. M.; Gerber, A.; Le Gal, F.; Adeniji, J. A; Gordien, E.; Onyemelukwe, N. F.Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is responsible for the most severe form of liver disease in humans. So far, eight genotypes (HDV‐1 to ‐8) have been individualized worldwide. Little is known about HDV strains that spread in Nigeria. HDV genotyping was performed in 15 anti–HDV positive samples from a cohort of 306 hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients in Abuja (Nigeria). Phylogenetic analyses revealed 90% were HDV‐1, two among them clustering with European/Asian HDV‐1, the remaining one being HDV‐6. It was also found that two members of a couple superinfected with the same HDV strain, were enveloped by two different HBV strains of genotype E.Item Evaluation of CD4 T lymphocyte cell Levels among Hepatitis B, C and E Viruses negative individuals in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria(SCIENCEDOMAIN International, 2017) Adewumi, M. O .; Omoruyi, E. C.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Akere, A.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adeniji, J.A.Aim: The CD4 T lymphocytes play a key role in achieving a regulated effective immune response to foreign antigens. It is also a valuable parameter for assessing HIV disease progression. However, variations in CD4 T lymphocyte values due to diverse factors have been reported. Here we evaluated CD4 T lymphocytes among community dwellers who tested negative for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and hepatitis E viruses and compared the results with the National Reference Values (NRVs).Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and their socio-demographic characteristics were captured by administration of semi-structured questionnaires. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted among residents of Ibadan metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Participants were enrolled between July and September, 2013 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Methodology: Four hundred consenting participants who fulfilled the criteria for enrolment were evaluated for CD4 T lymphocyte counts. Results: Estimated mean CD4 T lymphocyte count of 1,183 (CD4 Range: 328-2680) cells/μl of blood was recorded for the participants. Four (1.0%), 151 (37.8%), 157 (39.2%), 74 (18.5), and 14(3.5) of the participants had CD4 T lymphocyte count ranged 352-500, 501-1,000, 1,001-1500, 1501-2,000, and >2,000 cells/μl of blood, respectively. Differences in the estimated mean CD4 count between different age groups varied significantly (P=0.010).Conclusion: In this study, significantly higher CD4 T lymphocyte values were observed among the study population in comparison to the NRVs, and consequently we advise careful interpretation and use of extrapolated CD4 T lymphocyte values in the management of persons with diverse geographical background or health conditions.Item Profiles of Hepatitis B Virus Serological Markers among Asymptomatic Population in Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria(SciTechnol, 2017) Bakarey, A. S.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Adewumi, M. O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Uttah, C. C.; Oketade, M. A.; Adeniji, J. A.Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is apparent in endemic countries affecting millions of people. Further, the asymptomatic nature of the pathogen is a major public health concern. This study was designed to assess the burden of HBV by exploring the serologic markers of infection among consenting asymptomatic community dwellers in two cities in southeastern Nigeria. A total of 405 blood specimens were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, total anti-HBc and anti-HBc-IgM using ELISA technique. Overall, 14(3.5%) of the participants had detectable HBsAg out of which 1 (7.1%) had HBeAg and 13, anti-HBe. Two of the HBsAg positives (14.3%) had detectable anti-HBc-IgM. A total of 144 (35.5%) had detectable anti-HBc, even as 65 (57.0%) of them had the marker as the only serologic evidence of HBV exposure. Thirty-seven (9.1%) participants had anti-HBs only although all of them were born before the start of the childhood HBV vaccination. Altogether, 224 (57.3%) had no detectable serological markers of HBV infection or immunity and were obviously at risk ofHBV infection. This study described various patterns of HBV serologic markers of infection in the study population and probable risk of viru spread. Our results support the need for urgent intervention and implementation of measures to control the spread of HBV infection in Nigeria.Item Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Two Geographical Regions of Nigeria(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2017) Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Awokunle, R. F.; Sekoni, D. E.; Adeniji, J. A.This study was therefore designed to describe acute HEV infection among antenatal clinic attendees and community dwellers from two geographical regions in Nigeria. Seven hundred and fifty plasma samples were tested for HEV IgM by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The tested samples were randomly selected from a pool of 1,115 blood specimens previously collected for viral hepatitis studies among selected populations (pregnant women, 272; Oyo community dwellers, 438; Anambra community dwellers, 405) between September 2012 and August 2013. One (0.4%) pregnant woman in her 3rd trimester had detectable HEV IgM, while community dwellers fromthe two study locations had zero prevalence rates of HEV IgM.Detection of HEV IgM in a pregnant woman, especially in her 3rd trimester, is of clinical and epidemiological significance.The need therefore exists for establishment of a robust HEV surveillance system in Nigeria and especially amidst the pregnant population in a bid to improve maternal and child health.Item Patterns of serologic markers of hepatitis B virus infection and the risk of transmission among pregnant women in southwestern Nigeria(Taylor & Francis, 2017) Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Adewumi, M. O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Uttah, C. C.; Oketade, M. A.; Adeniji, J. A.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health concern in developing countries that has a high morbidity and mortality rate. Vertical transmission of HBV from mother to child has been identified as a major factor leading to chronicity with attendant liver conditions, especially in poor socioeconomic settings. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of serological HBV markers among pregnant women in Ibadan southwestern Nigeria and to determine the implications for perinatal HBV transmission. This study revealed the presence of varied HBV serological patterns of infection or immunity among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria, and thus the risk of mother to child transmission.Item Hepatitis B Virus Serological Markers in a Rural Community in Southeastern Nigeria(SCIENCEDOMAIN International, 2017) Bakarey, A. S.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Olaleye, V. F.; Awokunle, R. F.; Sekoni, D.E.Due to the current blood safety algorithm in Nigeria which excludes only Hepatitis B surface Antigenaemia (HBsAg) positive individuals from blood donation, this study was therefore designed to investigate HBV markers of infection in a rural population in southeastern Nigeria. It is a cross sectional community-based study. This study was carried out in Awuda village in Nnobi town of southeastern Nigeria in August 2013. A total of 92 consenting participants were enrolled for the study. The participants were screened for HBsAg, HBeAg, Anti-HBc IgM, Anti-HBc, Anti-HBe and Anti-HBs using ELISA technique and classified into different serological profiles indicative of infection stages. Respondents’ mean age was 26.3(SD +11.5) years and 58 of them were females while 34 were males. An overall prevalence for HBsAg was 1.1% (1/92). The same HBsAg positive individual also had detectable anti-HBe and anti- HBc IgM. Analysis of the results showed 3 (3.3%) of the study participants were positive for both Anti-HBe and Anti-HBc. Also, 12 (13.0%) participants were positive for only Anti-HBc and Anti-HBs antibody. Another 9 (9.8%) participants were positive for only Anti-HBs while 51 (55.0%) had no serological marker for previous exposure to either HBV or HBV vaccine. Altogether, 31(33.7%), 1(1.1%) and 21(22.8%) participants were positive for HBc, HbcIgM and HBs antibodies respectively. This study has demonstrated that at least 1 out of every 3 people in the studied community might have serological evidence of present or past HBV infection. The current dependence of blood safety algorithms which excludes only HBsAg positive individuals is not enough to guarantee safety of blood and/or blood products. More studies are needed to further investigate the theoretical basis of the algorithm.