Scholarly works in Virology

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Traditional crop farmers in Kogi East, Nigeria elucidate elevated HIV and AIDS prevalence level during a five -year study period
(Academic Journals (Academic Journals Inc., Lagos, Nigeria), 2009) Sule, W. F.; Enemuor, S. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Attah, O. C.
The United Nations reported that HIV and AIDS have negative impact upon agriculture and increasing hunger in sub-Saharan Africa. Such a situation is postulated to synonymously occur in Nigeria. This study therefore, aimed to investigate the prevalence level of HIV antibodies and AIDS among traditional crop farmers and non-farmers comprising traders, drivers, teachers and students in Kogi East. This is one of the primary agricultural areas of Kogi State, Nigeria and is therefore of great importance to perform an assessment depicting the prevalence of local HIV infection. Documented records of HIV antibody screening from the year 2002 to 2006 at the Voluntary Counselling and HIV Testing Unit of General Hospital, Ankpa, Kogi East were reviewed. Selected data was statistically analyzed with Chi2 - test using SPSS 13.0. A total of 11,077 patients from the ages of two months to 72 years were screened during the five years. Of this, 2,510 HIV positive cases (overall prevalence of 22.70%; mean = 21.86%; n= 5; standard deviation [SD] = 5.64%) and 322 mean = 12.47%; n = 5; SD = 2.23%) AIDS-related deaths were documented. The letter group included 250 (77.6%, mean = 71.91%; SD = 15.72%) farmers. A significant higher number of farmers were seropositive (_2 = 72.710; p = 0.001, df = 1, _ = 0.05) and died (_2 = 93.255; p = 0.001, df = 1, _ = 0.05) of AIDS-related illness compared to the non-farmers. The ages of people that died range from 12 to 49 years (n = 322) with a mean age of 44.1 years. Throughout the specified five years sampling duration, more non-farmers than farmers partook in HIV antibody screening. Farmers that were seropositive for HIV antibodies and died of AIDS-related illness were significantly higher in proportion than the non-farmers.
Reliability of testing and potential impact on HIV prevention in Nigeria
(Medical and Dental Consultants Association of Nigeria (MDCAN), 2006) Odaibo, G. N; Donbraye, E.; Adewumi, M. O.; Bakarey, A. S.; Ibeh, M. A.; Olalcye, D. O.
Several factors including variability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), laboratory facilities, cost and competence of personnel handling the tests are some of the important factors that affect accuracy and reliability of HIV testing in most parts of Africa. Recently investigators in Africa have observed that antibody detection assays based on antigens derived from HIV-1 subtype B show moderate to significantly lower sensitivity for detection of infection by various non-B subtypes. In this study, we evaluated the reliability of two El A and 12 rapid HIV-1/2 test kits that are commercially available in Nigeria using the Western immune blotting technique as reference. A panel of 100 sera from Western blot confirmed symptomatic or asymptomatic HIV-1 infected persons and 90 seronegative patients from those referred for testing in our laboratory were used for this study. Each sample was tested with two HIV-1/2 EIA, and 12 HIV-1/2 rapid test kits commercially available at one time or the other for HIV-1/2 testing in Nigeria. Overall, the sensitivity of the two EIA kits were 100% and 91.0% with specificity of 96.7% and 91.1% respectively. The sensitivity of the rapid test kits ranged from 88% to 98.0% with specificity of 92.2% to 100%. Further analysis showed significant variation in the sensitivity and specificity of the same kit based on whether an individual had asymptomatic or symptomatic infection the results of this study highlight the problem of diagnosis of HIV infections in Africa. It shows that the sensitivity of most of the rapid assays shall not be adequate for detection of early infection. The implications of possible misdiagnosis on the various intervention strategies that rely predominantly on correct HIV status of an individual are enormous. Thus, there is an urgent need for review of the current HIV testing assays or algorithms in Nigeria and other parts of Africa.
Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and C seropositivity in a Nigerian cohort of HIV-infected patients
(2008) Otegbayo, J. A.; Taiwo, B. O.; Akingbola, T. S.; Odaibo, G. N.; Adedapo, K. S.; Penugonda, S.; Adewole, I. F.; Olaleye, D. O.; Murphy, R.; Kanki, P.
"INTRODUCTION:The clinical and public health implications of the convergence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic and chronic viral hepatitis in sub-Saharan Africa are poorly understood. This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the impact of co-infection on baseline serum alanine transaminase (ALT), CD4+ T lymphocyte (CD4) count, and plasma HIV-RNA (viral load) in a cohort of HIV-infected Nigerians. METHODS:A retrospective study was conducted, on eligible treatment-naive patients who presented between August 2004 and February 2007 to the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria. Demographic data and pre-treatment laboratory results (hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV antibodies (anti-HCV), ALT, CD4 count and viral load) were retrieved from the medical records. Fisher's exact, two sample t-tests, and the Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare groups. A logistic regression model was fitted to explore characteristics associated with co-infection status. RESULTS:A total of 1779 HIV-infected patients (male: female ratio, 1:2) met inclusion criteria. HBsAg was present in 11.9%, anti-HCV in 4.8% and both markers in 1%. HBsAg was more common among males than females (15.4% vs 10.1%, respectively p = 0.001) while anti-HCV was detected in a similar proportion of males and females (5.3% versus 4.6%, respectively p = 0.559). HIV-infected patients with anti-HCV alone had a lower mean baseline CD4 count compared to those without anti-HCV or HBsAg (197 cells/mm3 vs 247 cells/mm3, respectively p = 0.008). Serum ALT was higher among patients with HBsAg compared to those without HBsAg or anti-HCV (43 International Units (IU) vs. 39 IU, respectively p = 0.015). Male gender was associated with HBV co-infection on logistic regression (OR1.786; 95% CI, 1.306-2.443; p < 0.005). CONCLUSION:More HIV-infected females than males presented for care in this cohort. We identified a relatively high prevalence of HBV and HCV co-infection in general, and a higher rate of HBV co-infection among males than females. Pre-treatment CD4 count was significantly lower among those with HCV co-infection, while ALT was slightly higher among those with HBV co-infection. Triple infection with HIV, HBV and HCV was present in a small but significant proportion of patients. These findings underscore the importance of testing for HBV and HCV in all HIV-infected persons in our setting."

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