Scholarly works in Pharmaceutical Microbiology

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Comparative quality assessment of generic brands of ceftriaxone sodium injection marketed in Ibadan, South West, Nigeria
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos. Nigeria, 2017) Sotade, A. A.; Idowu, P. A.; Adegoke, O. A.
Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum bactericidal agent. Due to lower prices of generic brands of ceftriaxone sodium as compared to the innovator brand, the populace mostly uses them and hence, the need to comprehensively investigate and compare the pharmaceutical quality of innovator with generic brands marketed in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Standard physical and chemical tests for quality control of parenterals as stipulated by the British Pharmacopoeia 2013 were performed on 13 brands. The basic functional groups were identified by Infrared spectrophotometry. A Liquid Chromatography method was used for quantitative determination of ceftriaxone sodium. The bactericidal activity of ceftriaxone sodium and brands were investigated by using clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus species. The FTIR spectra for the innovator and the generics were superimposable. For clarity test, almost all samples were observed to give a clear solution, but unclear solution was seen in samples B, E and I. The LC method was linear over a concentration range of 7.8125 – 250 μg/mL (r 2 = 0.9996). Microbiological efficacy using MIC determination of the generic products evaluated against several clinically significant organisms gave conclusive results with the generic products showing equivalent efficacy to the reference formulation except in few cases. The results obtained from this study conform to that of the British Pharmacopoeia specifications, giving an indication that all the sampled generics are pharmaceutically equivalent. There is need to improve on local production and to increase the post-marketing surveillance, as some products do not have NAFDAC registration numbers.
Multidrug resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing proteus mirabilis from tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2015) Alabi, O. S.; Adeleke, O. E.; Adegoke, O. A.; Gbadeyan, O. F.; Ejilude, O.
Background: Multidrug resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria pose great threat to antibiotic treatment of life threatening infections worldwide. Objectives: This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of MDR and ESBL producing Proteus mirabilis among clinical isolates collected from tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eight (108) none-duplicated P. mirabilis collected from microbiology units of tertiary hospitals in four states in Southwest Nigeria namely; Oyo, Osun, Ogun and Lagos state, after authentication with standard bacteriological method, were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test against ten selected antibiotics using disc-diffusion method. Presumptive production of ESBL was determined by double disc synergy test among isolates with MDR phenotype that showed resistance to any of the third generation cephalosporin antibiotics. Results: Of the 108 clinical isolates of P. mirabilis collected from Oyo (39.8%), Osun (25.9%), Ogun (21.3%) and Lagos (13%) states, 60 (55.6%) showed MDR phenotype. Among the 60 MDR isolates collected in Oyo (50%), Lagos (10%), Ogun (21.7%) and Osun (18.3%), 66.7%, 66.7%, 30.8% and 9.1% of the isolates produced ESBL, respectively. Conclusion: This study recorded the occurrence of ESBL and MDR P. mirabilis in all the four states but higher percentage of ESBL-production among MDR P. mirabilis in two of the states, Oyo and Lagos. Hence, there is need for adequate monitoring of antibiotic use to prevent increased rate of ESBL-positive MDR P. mirabilis in these states and others in the nearest future.