Scholarly works in Pharmaceutical Microbiology
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Item Susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of uropathogens from Southwest Nigeria to antibiotics and extracts of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb (Fabaceae)(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2021) Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Obabiyi, A. L.Background: Resistance of uropathogens to conventional antibiotics is increasing, thus creating the need to search for newer and effective antimicrobial agents to treat urinary tract infections (UTI). Methods: The susceptibility pattern of twenty clinical isolates of uropathogenic bacteria to standard antibiotics and extracts of Dalbergia latifolia was investigated using Agar Disc and Agar Well Diffusion methods, respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by Agar Dilution method on some of the uropathogens. Results: All the test pathogens were resistant to Amoxicillin, Cotrimoxazole and Augmentin. The isolates had 25 % (4), 12.5% (2), 18.75% (3), 68.75% (11) susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic acid and Ofloxacin respectively while 87.5% showed resistant to Tetracycline. The E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains had the highest susceptibility to Ofloxacin while P. mirabilis 4 was susceptible to Ofloxacin. The uropathogenic S. aureus was highly resistant to the antibiotics, however S. aureus 3 and S. aureus 4 were susceptible to gentamicin while S. aureus 1 and S. aureus 5 were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Gentamicin and chloramphenicol were the most active on S. aureus. The extracts showed good activity on most of the uropathogens in which 81.81 % (18), 9.0% (2) and 63.63% (14) of the test pathogens were susceptible to the leaf, stem and root (successively) of D. latifolia. The MIC values of extracts on test organisms ranged from 0.063 to 2.0 mg/mL. Conclusion: The results revealed varied patterns of susceptibility of the uropathogens to conventionalantibiotics, necessitating rational use of antibiotic in routine treatment of UTI to prevent development of resistance. Further, activity of D. latifolia extracts on the uropathogens justified its folkloric use and underlined the potentials of the plant to furnish antimicrobial agents for the treatment of UTIs, including those resistant to conventional antibiotics.Item Susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of uropathogens from Southwest Nigeria to antibiotics and extracts of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb (Fabaceae)(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2021) Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Obabiyi, A. L.Background: Resistance of uropathogens to conventional antibiotics is increasing, thus creating the need to search for newer and effective antimicrobial agents to treat urinary tract infections (UTI). Methods: The susceptibility pattern of twenty clinical isolates of uropathogenic bacteria to standard antibiotics and extracts of Dalbergia latifolia was investigated using Agar Disc and Agar Well Diffusion methods, respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by Agar Dilution method on some of the uropathogens. Results: All the test pathogens were resistant to Amoxicillin, Cotrimoxazole and Augmentin. The isolates had 25 % (4), 12.5% (2), 18.75% (3), 68.75% (11) susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic acid and Ofloxacin respectively while 87.5% showed resistant to Tetracycline. The E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains had the highest susceptibility to Ofloxacin while P. mirabilis 4 was susceptible to Ofloxacin. The uropathogenic S. aureus was highly resistant to the antibiotics, however S. aureus 3 and S. aureus 4 were susceptible to gentamicin while S. aureus 1 and S. aureus 5 were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Gentamicin and chloramphenicol were the most active on S. aureus. The extracts showed good activity on most of the uropathogens in which 81.81 % (18), 9.0% (2) and 63.63% (14) of the test pathogens were susceptible to the leaf, stem and root (successively) of D. latifolia. The MIC values of extracts on test organisms ranged from 0.063 to 2.0 mg/mL. Conclusion: The results revealed varied patterns of susceptibility of the uropathogens to conventional antibiotics, necessitating rational use of antibiotic in routine treatment of UTI to prevent development of resistance. Further, activity of D. latifolia extracts on the uropathogens justified its folkloric use and underlined the potentials of the plant to furnis antimicrobial agents for the treatment of UTIs, including those resistant to conventional antibiotics.Item Susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of uropathogens from Southwest Nigeria to antibiotics and extracts of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb (Fabaceae)(Uropathogens, antibiotics, resistance, Dalbergia latifolia extracts, MICs, 2021) Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Obabiyi, A. L.Background: Resistance of uropathogens toconventional antibiotics is increasing, thus creating the need to search for newer and effective antimicrobial agents to treat urinary tract infections (UTI). Methods: The susceptibility pattern of twenty clinical isolates of uropathogenic bacteria to standard antibiotics and extracts of Dalbergia latifolia was investigated using Agar Disc and Agar Well Diffusion methods, respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by Agar Dilution method on some of the uropathogens. Results: All the test pathogens were resistant to Amoxicillin, Cotrimoxazole and Augmentin. The isolates had 25 % (4), 12.5% (2), 18.75% (3), 68.75% (11) susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic acid and Ofloxacin respectively while 87.5% showed resistant to Tetracycline. The E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains had the highest susceptibility to Ofloxacin while P. mirabilis 4 was susceptible to Ofloxacin. The uropathogenic S. aureus was highly resistant to the antibiotics, however S. aureus 3 and S. aureus 4 were susceptible to gentamicin while S. aureus 1 and S. aureus 5 were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Gentamicin and chloramphenicol were the most active on S. aureus. The extracts showed good activity on most of the uropathogens in which 81.81 % (18), 9.0% (2) and 63.63% (14) of the test pathogens were susceptible to the leaf, stem and root (successively) of D. latifolia. The MIC values of extracts on test organisms ranged from 0.063 to 2.0 mg/mL. Conclusion: The results revealed varied patterns of susceptibility of the uropathogens to conventional antibiotics, necessitating rational use of antibiotic in routine treatment of UTI to prevent development of resistance. Further, activity of D. latifolia extracts on the uropathogens justified its folkloric use and underlined the potentials of the plant to furnish antimicrobial agents for the treatment of UTIs, including those resistant to conventional antibiotics.Item Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria from sorghum slurry on Clinical Strains of Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli(Antibacterial activity, Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli, Lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum, Sorghum slurry., 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Idowu, P. A.; Adeleye, O.; Fasuyi, O. C.Background: Sorghum is a nutrient-rich grain ground into flour to make different types of delicacies, and it has been reported to possess probiotic potentials. Objective: To assess the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus plantarum obtained from sorghum slurry on strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli from cases of diarrhoea. Methods: A total of 36 samples of wet-milled sorghum slurry and liquor pH were obtained and cultured on MRSA and were, after that, biochemically characterized for Lactobacillus plantarum, which was tested by agar well diffusion against 15 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from cases of diarrhoea. Results: Microbiological analysis of the 36 samples of sorghum explored produced 15 isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum. A progressive increase in acidity in relation to an increase in the period of fermentation was observed. Ninety-five per cent of the Escherichia coli strains showed resistance against some standard antibiotics. At the same time, the isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum obtained inhibited isolates of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli tested, showing potential usefulness of the sorghum slurry as a probiotic. Conclusion: The inhibitory activity of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from sorghum slurry showed antimicrobial potentials that could be used for therapeutic purposes in treating diarrhoea caused by Escherichia coli, pending further investigation.Item A study of bacteriological quality of street-hawked milk in Ilesha Metroplolis, Osun State, Nigeria(Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawan, B. M.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Coker, E. M.Milk, a nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals, contains low bacterial counts when it leaves the udder, but it may get contaminated from the environment, exterior of udder, water, soil, milkers’ hands and utensils. Contamination can serve as a source of spread of certain harmful human bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis and food poisoning if consumed in raw form. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate bacteriological quality of milk samples collected from various localities within Ilesha metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty (20) samples of fresh raw milk were collected in sterilized bottles from various nomadic milk hawkers in Ilesha. Methylene blue reductase test, standard plate count on standard plate count agar and isolation of possible pathogens using selective culture media was carried out on the samples. RESULTS Of the 20 samples of raw milk collected for bacteriological analysis, 3 samples were found to be of excellent quality, 5 were very good, 4 were good, 5 were fair and 3 were of poor quality. The actual standard plate count for excellent and very good quality ranged between 33-54 and 62 - 80 colony forming units (cfu). The organisms isolated and biochemically characterized from the raw milk samples were found contaminated with Escherichia coli (4 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (5 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (3 strains) and Enterobacter aerogenes (5 strains). CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study showed that the milk sold in raw form could be hazardous to human health if sold without adopting hygienic measures.Item Comparative Antibacterial Activity of Five Brands of Ciprofloxacin Injectables in Nigeria(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Shonubi, E. O.Background: Ciprofloxacin, a widely used antimicrobial agent, is available in Nigeria in various tablet and injectable dosage forms. In this era of fake and substandard drugs, it is important to be sure of the quality and antimicrobial potency of ciprofloxacin injectables imported and sold in Nigeria. Objectives: This study is aimed at evaluating and comparing the antibacterial efficacy of five different brands of ciprofloxacin infusion available in Nigeria against clinical bacterial isolates. Method: Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy was used to determine the percentage content of active pharmaceutical ingredient in each brand, while antibacterial activities were compared against five bacterial strains including: Escherichia coli (E), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps), Proteus mirabilis (Pr), Staphylococcus aureus (St) and Salmonella typhi (Sa). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) were determined by broth dilution method. Statistical analysis of the results obtained was done by ANOVA. Result: The percentage content of all the five brands of ciprofloxacin injection was not less than the specification (95-105%) of the British Pharmacopoeia, BP (2009). The susceptibility test showed that 16 out of 30 (53.3%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Ciprofloxacin was active on most of the clinical isolates which justify its wide use in treating infections in Nigeria; however, resistance to ciprofloxacin is increasing. Conclusion: Comparing the different brands, there was slight variation but no significant difference (p> 0.05) in their antibacterial activity (p= 0.96, 0.999 for sensitivity at 10μg/ml and MIC respectively).Item Prevalence and plasmid D NA profiles of antibiotic resistant bacterial isolates from mobile phones of volunteer University students in Sagamu Nigeria.(Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawan, B. M.; Idowu, A. O.; Oyinloye, E. O.Background: Mobile phones are devices that can receive and make calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. They are indispensable devices for professional and social life. There is a potential for microbial colonization of this device from the users. This study evaluated the prevalence, resistance to conventional antibiotics and plasmid profiles of some selected bacterial isolates from the phones of volunteers’ students. Methods: A total number of one hundred (100) phone swab samples were collected and inoculated in peptone broth and incubated overnight. The inoculums were thereafter sub-cultured in different culture media for the isolation of various bacteria and their identity were confirmed using standard biochemical tests; catalase test, coagulase test, oxidase test, indole test, methyl red test, DNAse test, citrate utilization and haemolysis test. Antibiotic susceptibility using modified Kirby Bauer methods and plasmid profile analysis of some selected resistant isolates were determined. Results: The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus had the highest (62%) followed by Escherichia coli (50%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44%), Streptococcus spp (20%) and coagulase negative staphylococci (18%) respectively. The antibiogram of the biochemically characterized isolates showed varied patterns of antibiotics resistance and plasmid molecular weights profiles. Conclusion: The prevalence of pathogenic bacteria with remarkable resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics and with plasmids of varied molecular weights from the phones of the volunteers showed the potential of the phones as a possible agent of transmission of pathogenic infection.Item Antimicrobial activity of Garlic (Allium sativum) on selected Uropathogens from cases of urinary tract infection(Wolters Kluwer - Medknow, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Adeleke, O. E.; Babalola, C. O.Introduction: The etiologic agents of urinary tract infection (UTI) occur among both the Gram‑positive and Gram‑negative bacteria includingthose that exhibit resistance to commonly used standard antibiotics. Both the male and female individuals can be prone to developingUTI. Garlic (Allium sativum) has been associated with antibacterial activity, though with scanty reports on uropathogens. This study was,therefore, carried out to determine the antibacterial efficacy of aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic (A. sativum) in vitro against sixuropathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Serratia marcescens)and a reference strain, E. coli ATCC‑25922. Materials and Methods: The bacterial isolates were collected from the Routine MicrobiologyLaboratory, University College Hospital, Ibadan, and were authenticated by Gram staining and some conventional biochemical tests. Theisolates were then subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against both the aqueous and methanol extracts of garlic. Phytochemicalscreening was also carried out on the plant. Results: Both aqueous and methanol extracts had maximum zones of growth inhibitions of 22mm at 200 mg/mL and 25 mm at 200 mg/mL against E. coli, followed by P. aeruginosa with zones of growth inhibitions of 21 mm and 25 mm at the same concentration. Proteus spp., exhibited the lowest zones of growth inhibition of 16mm at 200mg/mL.and 10mm at 25mg/mLto methanol and aqueous extracts respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations MICs and MBCs of the aqueous and ethanol extractsof garlic varied for each organism. Escherichia coli had the MICs’ of 100mg/mL and MBC of 220mg/mL while the MIC and MBC of theaqueous extract on the Proteus spp. are 100mg/mL and 320mg/mL respectively. The MBCs recorded were relatively higher in comparisonto the MIC values. Conclusion: These findings showed that garlic could be of therapeutic use in the management of bacterial mediated UTI.Item Evaluation of some commercial antimicrobial ointments on selected bacterial and fungal strains of clinical importance(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Oguntifa, P. O.; Olaniran, O. B.Background: Resistance of Klebsiella species to conventional antibiotics is often implicated in increasing nosocomial infections, and is due in part to enzymatic hydrolysis either constitutively and/or inductively. Resistance plasmid factors readily spread mostly through Gram-negative bacterial isolates through conjugative plasmids. This study investigated the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL), profiles of plasmids detected, and resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents among clinical isolates of Klebsiella species from three different sources. Method: Seventy Gram-negative bacterial and lactose fermenters from urine, wounds and sputum specimens from three hospitals in the South West region of Nigeria were studied after identificationwith microbial identification system. Antibiogram was determined using modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Phenotypic detection of ESBLproduction was carried out using double-disk synergy tests (DDST). Plasmid DNA were extracted by alkaline lysis method, electrophoresed, viewed by a UV-trans-illuminator, with plasmid size and number determined, following standard protocols Results: Twenty-nine (29) or 41% of the seventy clinical isolates were confirmed as Klebsiella species distributed as: Klebsiella pneumoniae 89.66% (26/ 29); Klebsiella oxytoca 6.89% (2/29) and Klebsiella ozanae 3.45% (1/29). Among the K. pneumoniae isolates, 13 (50%) were from urine, 8 (30.77%) from wounds and 5 (19%) from sputum. Multidrugresistance was observed with the isolates; as 28 (96.5%) were resistance to at least four (4) different classes of antibiotics. Among the 29 isolates, 14 (48.3%) Klebsiella species were ESBL-producers while 15 (51.7%) were non-ESBL producers. The ESBL-producers showed higher antibiotic resistance compared to non-ESBL producers, particularly with respect to β-lactam antibiotics. Plasmid DNA, with sizes range of O.78 - 23 kbp were detected in 17 (58.62%) of the isolates.Conclusion: Multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon was observed with Klebsiella species particularly among the ESBL-producers harbouring high-molecular weight plasmids. There is need for routine ESBL-production surveillance and the rational choice of antibiotics for infection management, reduction and containment of spread of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings.Item Antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi and brine shrimp lethality assay of trichilia megalantha harms and trichilia welwitschii C. DC(Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Adegbenle, T. A.Increasing resistance of typhoidal Salmonella enterica to conventional antibiotics has caused more cases of typhoid, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality; creating the need to search for new and effective antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants. The present study aimed to detect antisalmonella activity and cytotoxicity (safety) status of the stem bark and leaves of two Nigerian medicinal plants, Trichilia megalantha and Trichilia welwitschii. Nine clinical isolates of Salmonella paratyphi, whose antibiogram were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method were used. Antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts on the clinical isolates were done by agar cup diffusion and agar dilution methods, respectively. Acute toxicity of the extracts was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). All the nine isolates of Salmonella paratyphi were resistant to ß-lactam antibiotics (augmentin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime and ampicillin) but susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurantoin and gentamicin. The crude extracts of the two plants elicited activity against the nine clinical isolates with the bark extracts being more active than the leaf extracts. I. welwitschi was slightly less active than T. megalantha. The MIC and MBC ranged 1.25 -5.0 mg/ ml and 2.5-10 mg/ml, respectively for the plants. The antisalmonella activity of methanolic extracts of both plants were found to be less than that of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. With modal cytotoxicity values of 400- 500 ug/ml, the plant parts were considered nontoxic. Therefore, T. megalantha and T. welwitschii could provide a potential source of antibacterial agent(s) for the treatment of Salmonella paratyphoid infections.