Scholarly works in Pharmaceutical Microbiology
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Item Antimicrobial, phytochemical and antioxidant screening of acalypha fimbriata Leaf Extract for alternative antimicrobial therapy(Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of LifeSciences, Univ. of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2023) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Saka, A. S.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Ayedun, J. S.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Kaseem, L. S.; Idowu, A. O.In folklore, Acalypha fimbriata have been associated with ‘cure all’ properties, but without sufficient empirical ethnopharmacological scientific backups. This research work is therefore necessitated to determine the antimicrobial, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Acalypha fimbriata. The leaf of Acalypha fimbriata were Soxhlet extracted, reconstituted, and screened for phytochemical constituent of antimicrobial importance. Conventional biochemical characterization was carried out on the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained for the research work and the antimicrobial activity of the plant sample was determined using the agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined by broth dilution method on the isolates. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and Graphpad prism were used to interprets the data. Alkaloids, flavonoid, anthraquinones, tannins and saponins was found in the leaf extract. Staphylococcus aureus exhibited highest zone of growth inhibition (28mm) at 100mg/ml while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the lowest (14mm) at 100mg/ml from the antimicrobial assay. In the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, Staphylococcus aureus exhibited MIC and MBC at 0.625μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa elicited MIC and MBC at 10 μg/ml and >10 μg/ml of MIC and MBC respectively.Themethanol extract of the plant acted as hydrogen/electrons donor or scavenger of radicals with fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 59.83 μg/ml while that of Ascorbic acid (standard) was found to be 92.70 μg/ml using.The varied MIC’s and MBC’s obtained coupled with the values recorded for the antioxidant radicals validate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Acalypha fimbriata that can be explored for therapeutic option, if further purified and optimally processed.Item Plasmid DNA mediated vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) from cases of urinary tract infection(Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, University of Jos, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Durowaiye, M. T.; Adejumo, O. E.; Babalola, C. O.; Ayedun, J. S.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Osungunna, M. O.Vancomycin resistance commonly occurs with Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen that exhibits intrinsic virulence. Sixty isolates of Staphylococcus aureus tested positive as vancomycin possessive isolates on Brain Heart Infusion Agar medium fortified with 6 μg/mL vancomycin from 100 clinical samples of urine from patients with cases of UTIs via agar diffusion method. Standard 30 μg vancomycin disc served as control. Increase in zones of growth inhibition in relation to vancomycin concentrations was noticed in some of the isolates while it was reversed in others, despite the increase in concentration. Typed strain was susceptible to six concentrations of vancomycin exposed and to the control. Thirty one of the sixty isolates were resistant to vancomycin control. Resistant isolates from standard vancomycin discs were then subjected to molecular investigation. Of the 31 isolates exposed to gel electrophoresis, 14 (47%)elicited plasmids of varied molecular weights ranging from 0.79-23.13 kb. The magnitudes of vancomycinresistant isolates from the clinical samples studied, coupled with some incoherent zones of inhibition and the plasmid DNA obtained from the resistant isolates, suggest the need for infection control practitioners and epidemiologist to devise strategies to curtail the spread of this pathogen both in hospital and community settings.Item Molecular Investigation of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Cases of Boil Infection(Lagos University Medical Society (LUMS), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Lawal, S. A.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Fagboun, A. B.; Babalola, C. O.; Saka, A. S.; Oyinloye, O. E.Background: Boil, a pyodermal infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus is a very common skin disease. It is characterized by pus filled lump at specific anatomical loci. Objectives: This study evaluated the antimicrobial a c t i v i t y o f v a n c o m y c i n p o w d e r i n v a r i e d concentrations alongside with 30μg vancomycin standard discs, determined the minimum inhibitory concentration and plasmid profiles of the resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from boil infection. Methods: A total of one hundred (100) exudates from boils were collected with a sterile swab for bacteriological examination; the samples were culture on mannitol salt agar, followed by Gram staining and other conventional biochemical characterization. The isolates were tested by agar diffusion method against varied concentrations of vancomycin and a standard 30 μg vancomycin disc as a control. The resistant isolates from standard vancomycin disc were subjected to molecular investigation to determine the source of their vancomycin resistance. Results: Remarkable zones of growth inhibitions to varied concentrations of vancomycin powder that ranged from 32μg/mL-1.0 μg/mL were recorded, a l t h o u g h , v a n c o m y c i n a n t i b i o t i c s a r e n o t concentration dependent. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the 60 isolates examined elicited varied values. Of the 60 isolates exposed to plasmid investigation, fourteen(14) elicited resistance that were plasmid mediated which molecular weight ranged from 0.82 kb - 27.22kb. Conclusion: The resistance of the isolates observed from plasmid patterns with varied molecular weights could aid the transferability of that factor to other related bacteria which could be a threat to therapeutic management of boil infection.Item Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase escherichia coli and histamine contents in raw Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) sold in open markets in Sagamu, Nigeria(Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos (UNILAG), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Lawal, A. S.; Ademola, S. R.Background: A food borne sickness called histamine fish poisoning is frequently brought on by eating some fish species that have high levels of histamine and other biogenic amines in their tissues. When fish is improperly stored and preserved, its natural makeup makes it polluted. Objectives: This study was carried out to examine the histamine contents, determine the extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing isolates of Escherichia coli from the gut of raw mackerel fish obtained in Sagamu markets and relate the plasmid isolated, if present, with Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL). Materials and Methods: Fifty (50) mackerel fish were dissected and their guts were removed for the isolation of E. coli on eosin methylene blue agar medium. The isolates obtained were Gram stained, biochemically characterized, and thereafter plated on Mueller Hinton agar impregnated with ESBL discs by double disc synergy methods. Ten gram (10 g) of each part of fish weighing 100 g was blended for histamine determination by spectrophotometry and plasmid analysis of some selected ESBL resistance amongst the isolates were determined. Results: Escherichia coli were found in all fifty mackerel fish and 31 (62%) of those were ESBL producers. All of these were plasmid-free. In 14 (28%) of the 50 fish analysed, histamine concentrations of more than 100 mg/100 g exceeded the tolerance threshold of 10 mg/100 g, Conclusion: The results from the study showed that some of the fish sold in the markets of Sagamu contain ESBL producing Escherichia coli which may be considered as reservoirs for resistant bacteria. Significant level of histamine recorded surpassed histamine tolerance level in fish for human consumption. There is a need to provide storage facilities and raise hygiene awareness in markets where fish is sold.Item Evaluation of some selected non sterile pharmaceutical products for bacterial and fungi of clinical importance(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Osungunna, M. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Adeleke, O. E.This study investigated, identified, and quantified microbial contamination of 12 non-sterile pharmaceuticals products frequently made available to Akala Primary Health Care Centre Ibadan, for the possibility of detecting harmful and non-pathogenic microorganisms. Though sterility is not a requirement in official compendia for non-sterile pharmaceuticals, their bioburdens should not exceed the acceptable limit. The representative, syrups, tablets, capsules, and disinfectants from the dispensing unit were selected as guided by the conventional protocol for the study type. Bacteria and fungi of clinical potential were isolated and enumerated using standard microbiology procedures. Ten (10) of the twelve (12) non-sterile pharmaceutical products examined elicited microbial contamination beyond USP acceptable bio-burden standard. The isolates of bacteria identified comprised Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli elicited varied resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin but susceptible to augmentin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, and chloramphenicol, while the Candida albicans fungi isolated, were susceptible to ketoconazole and fluconazole at every concentration exposed. The differences in means for CFU/mL and zones of inhibition among the microorganisms isolated were considered, data collected were analyzed using SPSS 15 and the graph was plotted using Graph Pad prism 8.1 Version 5 for Windows. Ten of the twelve (83%) of non-sterile pharmaceuticals products examined were presumably contaminated which could be an indication of improper handling, poor dispensing, poor repackaging, and or non-adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices. Therefore, training and educating the dispensers, as well as patients, on the proper handling and use of medicines to reduce or prevent microbial contamination are hereby advocated.Item A Study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Ayedun, J. S.Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter variedbetween 2.28x104 and 4.20x107. The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates;Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) andPseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from thisstudy to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.Item Evaluation of cosmetic lipsticks for hazardous heavy metals and determination of antimicrobial potency(Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Osungunna, M. O.; Ayedun, J. S.; Sadiq, R. A.; Adefisoye, S. L.Background: Lipstick, a cosmetic product containing pigment, wax materials, oils and emollient that apply color, is the most widely used cosmetic make-up to enhance the beauty of lips. Consciously or unconsciously, lipsticks have cast a spell over cultures for years and its possible health implications on the consistent wearer's remain a subject of controversy. This study evaluated commercial lipsticks purchased from selected beauticians' shops in Ibadan for antimicrobial potency and hazardous heavy metals. Methods: One gram (1g) of representative lipsticks samples was weighed on analytical weighing balance and dissolve in 10 mL of acetone. A stock concentration of 100mg/mL was prepared using 50% acetone as diluents. Thereafter, 5mL of the stock was pipette in to 5mls of 5% acetone to make a concentration of 50mg/mL . A quantity of 0.8g of each representative samples were weighed and 8mL of HNO : HCl (1:3) were added to the samples in each beaker. The samples were heated and the 3 preparation was allowed to cool and filtered to removed undissolved waxy materials, while the digested solutions were made up to mark 40 ml with sterile distilled water. The sample solutions were analyzed for Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe and Zn using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Culture of E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, Streptococcus sp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa seeded in molten Mueller Hinton agar were challenged with (100mg/mL and 50mg/mL) concentrations of selected acetone dissolved lipsticks samples using agar well diffusion technique. Results: Lead was found in varied concentrations in all the 15 samples examined, while Cadmium, Magnesium, Zinc and Iron were found in 7 of the 15 samples, Chromium was found in 3 of the total samples examined. Thirteen (13) of the 15 samples of lipsticks examined exhibited antimicrobial property against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp at either 100 mg/mL and/or 50mg/mL. Conclusion: The degree of heavy metals detected from the samples examined could be inimical to user's health coupled with the susceptibility of some of the lipsticks sample to bacteria of clinical potential. There is therefore a need for extensive testing to assess and assure the efficacy of lipsticks regularly before delivery to markets.Item Antimicrobial drug resistance, A 'Triad' of epidemiological factors.(Lagos University Medical Society, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Ayedun, J. S.Over the years, as understanding of the factors associated with antimicrobial drug resistance has progressed, epidemiological study has broadened to include human behaviours, complexity of environment as well as pathogens as a triad of epidemiological factors responsible for the alarming upsurge of antimicrobial drug resistance. The effect on humans and how these challenges can be resolved need immediate attention. Antimicrobial resistance is the reduction in the efficacy of a drug such as antimicrobial drug in curing a microbial mediated infection. The use and misuse of antimicrobial drugs in human medicine and animal husbandry has been implicated as one of the causes of the unabated rise in the number and types of microorganism resistance leading to deaths of millions of people worldwide. Organisms that elicited drug resistant against many antibiotics are numerous and also the drugs(antibiotics) that were once known as 'magic bullets' have become metabolic precursor pools for these microorganisms to thrive, irrespective of their nomenclature as broad spectrum, narrow spectrum, extended spectrum etc and this has increase the morbidity and mortality rate and incurred higher healthcare cost. This review X-rayed the expanding scope of antimicrobial resistance, examined the triads of epidemiological factors in relation to social, economic and disease burdens that promotes the upsurge of resistance to conventional antibiotics and therapeutic failures and proffers useful recommendations that could be helpful in alleviating the problem.Item Bacteriological examination and potassium bromate analysis of bread samples from selected retail outlets in two locations south west Nigeria(Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN), 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Akpotu, M. O.; Ike, W.Background: Bread is a staple food prepared from dough of flour and water, usually by baking. It is one of the oldest man-made foods consumed by all socio-economic groups. This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological profiles and investigate the potassium bromated additives in bread from retail outlets in south west Nigeria. Methods: Bread samples homogenates were examined by standard plate count method on different culture media for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus, Esherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Penicillium spp. And Rhizophus spp were also analyzed for the presence of potassium bromate by spectrophotometry. Potassium bromated in the bread samples was quantitively and qualitatively analyzed using spectrometric determination of bromated in bread. Results: All the 10 samples were found to contain bacteria and molds in varied proportions. Average counts of the isolates for both packed and unpacked bread samples; Staphylococcus aureus,(2.6× 104cfu/g): (4.0× 105cfu/g), Escherichia coli 1.08× 103cfu/g : 1.66× 105cfu/ ) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( 0.79× 102cfu/g): (1.40× 105cfu/g), Penicillium spp (1.92 × 104cfu/g): (2.74× 105cfu/g) and Rhizopus (1.92× 103cfu/g): (2.71× 105cfu/g)respectively while the bromate levels ranged from0.02 ± 0.05 ppm to 9.33 ± 0.30 ppm were, an indication of not all bakeries following the standard regulation required by NAFDAC for bread production. Conclusion: The presence of food poisoning bacteria in the bread examined could be traced to raw material quality, sanitary status of equipment, handlers hygiene, environment and storage condition while the amount of potassium bromate content found could threaten consumers' life when consumed regularly and hence, the needs for strict monitoring by the food and drug regulatory agencyItem Susceptibility pattern of clinical isolates of uropathogens from Southwest Nigeria to antibiotics and extracts of Dalbergia latifolia Roxb (Fabaceae)(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2021) Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Obabiyi, A. L.Background: Resistance of uropathogens to conventional antibiotics is increasing, thus creating the need to search for newer and effective antimicrobial agents to treat urinary tract infections (UTI). Methods: The susceptibility pattern of twenty clinical isolates of uropathogenic bacteria to standard antibiotics and extracts of Dalbergia latifolia was investigated using Agar Disc and Agar Well Diffusion methods, respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by Agar Dilution method on some of the uropathogens. Results: All the test pathogens were resistant to Amoxicillin, Cotrimoxazole and Augmentin. The isolates had 25 % (4), 12.5% (2), 18.75% (3), 68.75% (11) susceptibility to Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Nalidixic acid and Ofloxacin respectively while 87.5% showed resistant to Tetracycline. The E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains had the highest susceptibility to Ofloxacin while P. mirabilis 4 was susceptible to Ofloxacin. The uropathogenic S. aureus was highly resistant to the antibiotics, however S. aureus 3 and S. aureus 4 were susceptible to gentamicin while S. aureus 1 and S. aureus 5 were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Gentamicin and chloramphenicol were the most active on S. aureus. The extracts showed good activity on most of the uropathogens in which 81.81 % (18), 9.0% (2) and 63.63% (14) of the test pathogens were susceptible to the leaf, stem and root (successively) of D. latifolia. The MIC values of extracts on test organisms ranged from 0.063 to 2.0 mg/mL. Conclusion: The results revealed varied patterns of susceptibility of the uropathogens to conventionalantibiotics, necessitating rational use of antibiotic in routine treatment of UTI to prevent development of resistance. Further, activity of D. latifolia extracts on the uropathogens justified its folkloric use and underlined the potentials of the plant to furnish antimicrobial agents for the treatment of UTIs, including those resistant to conventional antibiotics.
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