Scholarly works in Pharmaceutical Microbiology
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Item Evaluation of antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria from locally sourced yoghurts on isolates of Candida Albicans from cases of vaginitis(Cameroon Academy of Sciences (CAS), 2024) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Babalola, C. O.; Kotun, B. C.; Ayedun, J. S.; Adesanya, A. A.; Kolade, T. T.; Iloka, B. C.This study assessed antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria from locally made yoghurts on isolates of candida albicans from cases of vaginitis. Locally sourced yoghurt samples were cultured on MRS agar and incubated anaerobically at optimum temperature for the isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria. The pH and total viable counts parameters of the isolates from the samples were determined. Isolates of Candida albicans from cases of vaginitis collected were biochemically confirmed after SDA plated. The isolates were exposed to antifungal agents with varied concentrations and thereafter, challenged with Lactic Acid Bacteria laden yoghurt samples prepared in varied concentration on MRS agar overlayered with SDA. Plasmid DNA of the LAB isolates were determined. The isolates of Candida albicans exhibited 100% resistance to conventional antifungal agents exposed with the exception of Candida albicans 1 that were susceptible to all the antifungal agents while Candida albicans 4 was susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and nystatin. Three(3) of the four (4) isolates of Candida albicans challenged with Habib (LABHAY) and Tunik(LAB TY ) yoghurt were 100% susceptible the LAB laden yoghurt samples while Candida albicans isolates 3 (Ca3) were (100%) resistant to LABHAY and LAB TY. Of the the four(4) isolates of Candida albicans were(100%) susceptible to Cedaar (LABCY) and Fan milk(LABFM) yoghurt and while Candida albicans isolates number 3 (Ca3) exhibited resistance to LABCY and LABFM. Lactic Acid Bacteria in this study, exhibited remarkable antifungal activity on Candida albicans isolates from cases of vaginitis. This property could be exploited as a bio-protective and therapeutic option, for cases of Candida albicans and fungi with related features.Item Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial Aactivity of methanol extracts of usteria guineensis and Sphaerocoryne gracilipes on pathogens and ESBL-producing escherichia coli(Sciencedomain International, 2024) Idowu, P. A.; Amali, E. D.; Okunye, O. L.; Adeyemo, E. O.Antibiotic resistance of microbial pathogens has become a threat to public health, with observed increase in outbreak of infections, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality. Pathogenic Escherichia coli and other extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria causes serious health challenges due to antimicrobial resistance. This has caused an increasing research on medicinal plants as a source of alternative potential therapeutic agents. In this study, antimicrobial activity of Usteria guineensis (UG) and Sphaerocoryne gracilipes (SG) was investigated on standard organisms and clinical isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli. The leaves of Usteria guineensis and Sphaerocoryne gracilipes were extracted using methanol. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the medicinal plants according to standard procedure. The clinical isolates of E. coli were screened for the production of ESBL using double disc synergy test, with E. coli ATCC 25922 as standard. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine antibacterial activity of the extracts at 100 and 25 mg/mL while Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were assessed using broth micro-dilution method. Statistical analysis was done using ANNOVA. The two plants contain cardiac glycoside, alkaloids and saponin and 11/15 (80%) of the E. coli isolates show the production of the ESBL. The extracts of the two plants showed antibacterial activity against ESBL E. coli with zone of inhibition ranging between 11 to 18 mm for Usteria guineensis and 12 to 15 mm for Sphaerocoryne gracilipes. The MIC of the extracts ranged between 0.78 to 50 mg/mL and MBC from 12.5 to >50 mg/mL for the ESBL producers and the standard strains. Therefore, the two plants, especially Usteria guineensis have potentials to be developed as alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment of infections caused by ESBL-producing pathogens like Escherichia coli.Item Antimicrobial, phytochemical and antioxidant screening of acalypha fimbriata Leaf Extract for alternative antimicrobial therapy(Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of LifeSciences, Univ. of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2023) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Saka, A. S.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Ayedun, J. S.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Kaseem, L. S.; Idowu, A. O.In folklore, Acalypha fimbriata have been associated with ‘cure all’ properties, but without sufficient empirical ethnopharmacological scientific backups. This research work is therefore necessitated to determine the antimicrobial, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Acalypha fimbriata. The leaf of Acalypha fimbriata were Soxhlet extracted, reconstituted, and screened for phytochemical constituent of antimicrobial importance. Conventional biochemical characterization was carried out on the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained for the research work and the antimicrobial activity of the plant sample was determined using the agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined by broth dilution method on the isolates. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and Graphpad prism were used to interprets the data. Alkaloids, flavonoid, anthraquinones, tannins and saponins was found in the leaf extract. Staphylococcus aureus exhibited highest zone of growth inhibition (28mm) at 100mg/ml while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the lowest (14mm) at 100mg/ml from the antimicrobial assay. In the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, Staphylococcus aureus exhibited MIC and MBC at 0.625μg/ml and 12.5 μg/ml, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa elicited MIC and MBC at 10 μg/ml and >10 μg/ml of MIC and MBC respectively.Themethanol extract of the plant acted as hydrogen/electrons donor or scavenger of radicals with fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 59.83 μg/ml while that of Ascorbic acid (standard) was found to be 92.70 μg/ml using.The varied MIC’s and MBC’s obtained coupled with the values recorded for the antioxidant radicals validate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Acalypha fimbriata that can be explored for therapeutic option, if further purified and optimally processed.Item Plasmid DNA mediated vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) from cases of urinary tract infection(Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, University of Jos, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Durowaiye, M. T.; Adejumo, O. E.; Babalola, C. O.; Ayedun, J. S.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Osungunna, M. O.Vancomycin resistance commonly occurs with Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen that exhibits intrinsic virulence. Sixty isolates of Staphylococcus aureus tested positive as vancomycin possessive isolates on Brain Heart Infusion Agar medium fortified with 6 μg/mL vancomycin from 100 clinical samples of urine from patients with cases of UTIs via agar diffusion method. Standard 30 μg vancomycin disc served as control. Increase in zones of growth inhibition in relation to vancomycin concentrations was noticed in some of the isolates while it was reversed in others, despite the increase in concentration. Typed strain was susceptible to six concentrations of vancomycin exposed and to the control. Thirty one of the sixty isolates were resistant to vancomycin control. Resistant isolates from standard vancomycin discs were then subjected to molecular investigation. Of the 31 isolates exposed to gel electrophoresis, 14 (47%)elicited plasmids of varied molecular weights ranging from 0.79-23.13 kb. The magnitudes of vancomycinresistant isolates from the clinical samples studied, coupled with some incoherent zones of inhibition and the plasmid DNA obtained from the resistant isolates, suggest the need for infection control practitioners and epidemiologist to devise strategies to curtail the spread of this pathogen both in hospital and community settings.Item A study of skin sepsis amongst abbatoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(Association of Resident Doctors (ARD), University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus . It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between theinfection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.Item Molecular Investigation of Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Cases of Boil Infection(Lagos University Medical Society (LUMS), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Lawal, S. A.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Fagboun, A. B.; Babalola, C. O.; Saka, A. S.; Oyinloye, O. E.Background: Boil, a pyodermal infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus is a very common skin disease. It is characterized by pus filled lump at specific anatomical loci. Objectives: This study evaluated the antimicrobial a c t i v i t y o f v a n c o m y c i n p o w d e r i n v a r i e d concentrations alongside with 30μg vancomycin standard discs, determined the minimum inhibitory concentration and plasmid profiles of the resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from boil infection. Methods: A total of one hundred (100) exudates from boils were collected with a sterile swab for bacteriological examination; the samples were culture on mannitol salt agar, followed by Gram staining and other conventional biochemical characterization. The isolates were tested by agar diffusion method against varied concentrations of vancomycin and a standard 30 μg vancomycin disc as a control. The resistant isolates from standard vancomycin disc were subjected to molecular investigation to determine the source of their vancomycin resistance. Results: Remarkable zones of growth inhibitions to varied concentrations of vancomycin powder that ranged from 32μg/mL-1.0 μg/mL were recorded, a l t h o u g h , v a n c o m y c i n a n t i b i o t i c s a r e n o t concentration dependent. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the 60 isolates examined elicited varied values. Of the 60 isolates exposed to plasmid investigation, fourteen(14) elicited resistance that were plasmid mediated which molecular weight ranged from 0.82 kb - 27.22kb. Conclusion: The resistance of the isolates observed from plasmid patterns with varied molecular weights could aid the transferability of that factor to other related bacteria which could be a threat to therapeutic management of boil infection.Item Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase escherichia coli and histamine contents in raw Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) sold in open markets in Sagamu, Nigeria(Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos (UNILAG), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Lawal, A. S.; Ademola, S. R.Background: A food borne sickness called histamine fish poisoning is frequently brought on by eating some fish species that have high levels of histamine and other biogenic amines in their tissues. When fish is improperly stored and preserved, its natural makeup makes it polluted. Objectives: This study was carried out to examine the histamine contents, determine the extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing isolates of Escherichia coli from the gut of raw mackerel fish obtained in Sagamu markets and relate the plasmid isolated, if present, with Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL). Materials and Methods: Fifty (50) mackerel fish were dissected and their guts were removed for the isolation of E. coli on eosin methylene blue agar medium. The isolates obtained were Gram stained, biochemically characterized, and thereafter plated on Mueller Hinton agar impregnated with ESBL discs by double disc synergy methods. Ten gram (10 g) of each part of fish weighing 100 g was blended for histamine determination by spectrophotometry and plasmid analysis of some selected ESBL resistance amongst the isolates were determined. Results: Escherichia coli were found in all fifty mackerel fish and 31 (62%) of those were ESBL producers. All of these were plasmid-free. In 14 (28%) of the 50 fish analysed, histamine concentrations of more than 100 mg/100 g exceeded the tolerance threshold of 10 mg/100 g, Conclusion: The results from the study showed that some of the fish sold in the markets of Sagamu contain ESBL producing Escherichia coli which may be considered as reservoirs for resistant bacteria. Significant level of histamine recorded surpassed histamine tolerance level in fish for human consumption. There is a need to provide storage facilities and raise hygiene awareness in markets where fish is sold.Item Evaluation of some selected non sterile pharmaceutical products for bacterial and fungi of clinical importance(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Osungunna, M. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Adeleke, O. E.This study investigated, identified, and quantified microbial contamination of 12 non-sterile pharmaceuticals products frequently made available to Akala Primary Health Care Centre Ibadan, for the possibility of detecting harmful and non-pathogenic microorganisms. Though sterility is not a requirement in official compendia for non-sterile pharmaceuticals, their bioburdens should not exceed the acceptable limit. The representative, syrups, tablets, capsules, and disinfectants from the dispensing unit were selected as guided by the conventional protocol for the study type. Bacteria and fungi of clinical potential were isolated and enumerated using standard microbiology procedures. Ten (10) of the twelve (12) non-sterile pharmaceutical products examined elicited microbial contamination beyond USP acceptable bio-burden standard. The isolates of bacteria identified comprised Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli elicited varied resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin but susceptible to augmentin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, and chloramphenicol, while the Candida albicans fungi isolated, were susceptible to ketoconazole and fluconazole at every concentration exposed. The differences in means for CFU/mL and zones of inhibition among the microorganisms isolated were considered, data collected were analyzed using SPSS 15 and the graph was plotted using Graph Pad prism 8.1 Version 5 for Windows. Ten of the twelve (83%) of non-sterile pharmaceuticals products examined were presumably contaminated which could be an indication of improper handling, poor dispensing, poor repackaging, and or non-adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices. Therefore, training and educating the dispensers, as well as patients, on the proper handling and use of medicines to reduce or prevent microbial contamination are hereby advocated.Item A Study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Ayedun, J. S.Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter variedbetween 2.28x104 and 4.20x107. The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates;Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) andPseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from thisstudy to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.Item Evaluation of cosmetic lipsticks for hazardous heavy metals and determination of antimicrobial potency(Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Osungunna, M. O.; Ayedun, J. S.; Sadiq, R. A.; Adefisoye, S. L.Background: Lipstick, a cosmetic product containing pigment, wax materials, oils and emollient that apply color, is the most widely used cosmetic make-up to enhance the beauty of lips. Consciously or unconsciously, lipsticks have cast a spell over cultures for years and its possible health implications on the consistent wearer's remain a subject of controversy. This study evaluated commercial lipsticks purchased from selected beauticians' shops in Ibadan for antimicrobial potency and hazardous heavy metals. Methods: One gram (1g) of representative lipsticks samples was weighed on analytical weighing balance and dissolve in 10 mL of acetone. A stock concentration of 100mg/mL was prepared using 50% acetone as diluents. Thereafter, 5mL of the stock was pipette in to 5mls of 5% acetone to make a concentration of 50mg/mL . A quantity of 0.8g of each representative samples were weighed and 8mL of HNO : HCl (1:3) were added to the samples in each beaker. The samples were heated and the 3 preparation was allowed to cool and filtered to removed undissolved waxy materials, while the digested solutions were made up to mark 40 ml with sterile distilled water. The sample solutions were analyzed for Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, Fe and Zn using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Culture of E. coli, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, Streptococcus sp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa seeded in molten Mueller Hinton agar were challenged with (100mg/mL and 50mg/mL) concentrations of selected acetone dissolved lipsticks samples using agar well diffusion technique. Results: Lead was found in varied concentrations in all the 15 samples examined, while Cadmium, Magnesium, Zinc and Iron were found in 7 of the 15 samples, Chromium was found in 3 of the total samples examined. Thirteen (13) of the 15 samples of lipsticks examined exhibited antimicrobial property against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp at either 100 mg/mL and/or 50mg/mL. Conclusion: The degree of heavy metals detected from the samples examined could be inimical to user's health coupled with the susceptibility of some of the lipsticks sample to bacteria of clinical potential. There is therefore a need for extensive testing to assess and assure the efficacy of lipsticks regularly before delivery to markets.