Scholarly works in Pharmaceutical Microbiology
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Item Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of terminalia mantaly H. Perrier (Combretaceae) on multidrug resistant (MDR) wound pathogens(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Oyekan, O. O.; Akinbami, A. N.Multidrug resistant (MDR) wound pathogens have rendered many antimicrobials ineffective in the treatment of infected wounds. Medicinal plants used to treat wound infections, especially in developing countries can furnish new and effective agents. Therefore, Terminalia mantaly used locally to treat infections was evaluated for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methanol extracts of leaves and roots were tested at 20 and 10mg/ml on thirty-two clinical isolates of wound bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) from three Nigerian hospitals. Antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were determined by agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods respectively. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by catalase, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The extracts showed good antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition between 12-35mm on all the tested pathogens with better activity on Gram–negative bacteria including the MDR strains. The MICs (and MBC) of leaf and root extracts were between 0.625-5mg/ml (1.25-10mg/ml) and 0.625-5mg/ml (1.25-5mg/ml) respectively. Leaf extract gave good antioxidant activity, better than root (comparable with ascorbic acid) of 73.77% inhibition on hydrogen peroxide scavenging, 76.36% inhibition on lipid peroxidation and 61.68% DPPH radical scavenging activities. Extracts of Terminalia mantaly showed good antioxidant and antibacterial activities, justifying the traditional uses of the plants. Further, the activity on MDR pathogens revealed the plant as a potential source of newer antibacterial agents for treating wound infections caused by MDR pathogens.Item Preliminary phytochemical screening and Antioxidant Property of Leaf and twig Extracts of Turraea Vogelii Hook. f. ex. Benth (Meliaceae)(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2019) Olufadi-Ahmed, H. Y.; Idowu, P. A.This study investigated the phytochemical constituents by screening the pulverized plant material and the antioxidant potential of the extract of the leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii. The crude powdered leaves and twigs of the plant were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using standard procedures. The ethyl acetate extract of the leaves and twigs as well as the methanolic extract of the twigs were subjected to antioxidant activity studies using 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, catalase activity assay as well as lipid peroxidation activity. The result of phytochemical screening of the crude powdered leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars and alkaloid in the leaves while the twigs contained tannins, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars and steroids. The results of the DPPH Radical Scavenging activity studies revealed that ethyl acetate fraction of Turraea vogelii twigs has an IC50 of 444μg/ml which was closest to the activity of the reference measured at 409μg/ml. The ethyl acetate fraction of the twigs showed the most promising lipid peroxidation inhibition activity with an MDA concentration of 9.595mMol/g FW when compared with the standard. The catalase enzyme concentration responsible for the mop up of hydrogen peroxide per minute was highest in the methanol extract of twigs at 0.038mMolmin-1g-1. The implication of this study suggests that the twigs of Turraea vogelii has note-worthy phytochemical principles and also has a good natural antioxidant source that may be indicated in the treatment and management of diseases associated with oxidative stress.Item Antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of corn steep liquor anti-diabetic herb extracts(Valahia University Press, 2016) Olaiya, C. O.; Idowu, P. A.; Karigidi, K. O.Traditionally, Corn-steep fermenting liquor (CSL) has been used to prepare infusion for the management of chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus. Antioxidants and antimicrobials have gained attention in this regard due to the role of free radicals and infections in the etiology and complication of the disease. The present study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of CSL extracts of Citrullus colocynthis (CC), Curculigo pilosa (CP) and Gladiolus psittacinus (GP). DPPH scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, Iron chelating activity, total reducing power, total flavonoids and total phenolics were determined using standard methods while antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Klebisiellae pneumonae was determined using agar well diffusion method. CP gave the highest total phenolic content (86.84mg GAE/g extract) while the total flavonoid content of GP was the highest (55.95mg QUE/g extract) in comparison with other extracts. The IC50 values based on Iron chelating (72μg/ml), DPPH (174μg/ml) for CP and Hydrogen peroxide (95μg/ml) for GP were lower, indicating good antioxidant potential. Also, CP exhibited the highest reducing power in a concentration dependent manner. CC inhibited S. aureus (12mm), E. coli (14mm), S. typhi (14mm) and K. pneumonae (14mm) while CP inhibited S. aureus (12mm), S typhi (12mm) and K. pneumonae (14mm). GP only inhibited S. aureus (12mm) and K. pneumonae (12mm). All the extracts were inactive against B. subtilis. The results of this study showed that CSL extracts of CC, CP and GP possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties thereby justifying their use in folk medicine for the management of diabetes mellitus.Item Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial studies of extracts and chromatographic fractions of Gmelina arborea Roxb (Lamiaceae).(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria, 2024) Idowu, P. A.; Ashiru, A. O.; Idowu, D. O.; Olaiya, C. O.; Karigidi, K.Antimicrobial resistance and oxidative stress are increasing and researchers are being encouraged to search the natural plant products, due to their popular usage in ethno-medicine, for alternative source of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. Gmelina arborea used in West-Africa and Ayurveda folkloric medicine to cure several diseases was therefore investigated for phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Extracts and chromatographic fractions of the root-bark tested for antibacterial activity with the MIC determined on seven selected bacteria using agar dilution method. The antioxidant capacity of the crude extracts was determined by six (6) methods: total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl) properties. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids anthraquinones, phenols and alkaloids. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant showed good antibacterial activities (18 mm inhibitory zones and MIC and MBC 12.5–100 mg/mL) against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and S. aureus ATCC 6571. Antioxidant study of the extracts revealed that both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have good antioxidant capacity comparable to that of ascorbic acid standard. Therefore, Gmelina arborea could prove a valuable source of developing new antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds for therapeutic uses.Item Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Terminalia mantaly H. Perrier (Combretaceae) on multidrug resistant (MDR) wound pathogens(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Olaiya, C. O.; Afolayan, F. J.Multidrug resistant (MDR) wound pathogens have rendered many antimicrobials ineffective in the treatment of infected wounds. Medicinal plants used to treat wound infections, especially in developing countries can furnish new and effective agents. Therefore, Terminalia mantaly used locally to treat infections was evaluated for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methanol extracts of leaves and roots were tested at 20 and 10mg/ml on thirty-two clinical isolates of wound bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) from three Nigerian hospitals. Antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were determined by agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods respectively. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by catalase, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The extracts showed good antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition between 12-35mm on all the tested pathogens with better activity on Gram–negative bacteria including the MDR strains. The MICs (and MBC) of leaf and root extracts were between 0.625-5mg/ml (1.25-10mg/ml) and 0.625-5mg/ml (1.25-5mg/ml) respectively. Leaf extract gave good antioxidant activity, better than root (comparable with ascorbic acid) of 73.77% inhibition on hydrogen peroxide scavenging, 76.36% inhibition on lipid peroxidation and 61.68% DPPH radical scavenging activities. Extracts of Terminalia mantaly showed good antioxidant and antibacterial activities, justifying the traditional uses of the plants. Further, the activity on MDR pathogens revealed the plant as a potential source of newer antibacterial agents for treating wound infections caused by MDR pathogens.Item Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of Lannea egregia Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) extracts and chromatography fractions.(National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Ekemezie, C. L.; Olaiya, C. O.Screening ‘new’ medicinal plants of traditional importance for bioactive components is a sure way of discovering novel therapeutic agents to treat diseases. This study, therefore investigated the presence of phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial components of the extracts of Lannea egregia. Phytochemical screening was done by standard methods. Antibacterial activity of the extracts of Lannea egregia was determined by agar well diffusion method while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution method. The antioxidant capacity of the crude extracts was determined through the evaluation of total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl. The phytochemical screening of the different parts of this plant revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, emodins, phlobatannins, anthocyanins, coumarins and phenolics. Phlobatannins was observed to be absent in the stem bark. The crude extracts obtained from the leaves, stem bark and roots of this plant exhibited good antibacterial activity against typed strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The diameter of the zone of inhibition ranged from 9.0 to 26.0 mm at 100 mg/mL for all the plant parts. The ethyl acetate leaf extract of this plant possessed the highest antibacterial activity with MIC and MBC values of the range of (3.125 to ˃50 mg/mL) and (12.5 to ˃50 mg/mL) respectively. The zone inhibition of the chromatographic fractions of both plants ranged 15-23 mm. Antioxidant study of the extracts of the leaf of L. egregia revealed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have good antioxidant potentials comparable to that of ascorbic acid control. This study has revealed that the extracts from different parts of L. egregia possess good antibacterial and antioxidant activities which could be a function of the various phytochemicals detected in the plant.Item Preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant property of leaf and twig extracts of Turraea vogelii Hook. f.ex Benth (Meliaceae)(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2019) Olufadi-Ahmed, H. Y.; Idowu, P. A.This study investigated the phytochemical constituents by screening the pulverized plant material and the antioxidant potential of the extract of the leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii. The crude powdered leaves and twigs of the plant were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using standard procedures. The ethyl acetate extract of the leaves and twigs as well as the methanolic extract of the twigs were subjected to antioxidant activity studies using 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, catalase activity assay as well as lipid peroxidation activity. The result of phytochemical screening of the crude powdered leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars and alkaloid in the leaves while the twigs contained tannins, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars and steroids. The results of the DPPH Radical Scavenging activity studies revealed that ethyl acetate fraction of Turraea vogelii twigs has an IC50 of 444μg/ml which was closest to the activity of the reference measured at 409μg/ml. The ethyl acetate fraction of the twigs showed the most promising lipid peroxidation inhibition activity with an MDA concentration of 9.595mMol/g FW when compared with the standard. The catalase enzyme concentration responsible for the mop up of hydrogen peroxide per minute was highest in the methanol extract of twigs at 0.038mMolmin-1 g -1. The implication of this study suggests that the twigs of Turraea vogelii has note-worthy phytochemical principles and also has a good natural antioxidant source that may be indicated in the treatment and management of diseases associated with oxidative stress.Item Antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of corn steep liquor anti-diabetic herb extracts(Valahia University Press, 2016) Olaiya, C. O.; Idowu, P. A.; Karigidi, K. O.Traditionally, Corn-steep fermenting liquor (CSL) has been used to prepare infusion for the management of chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus. Antioxidants and antimicrobials have gained attention in this regard due to the role of free radicals and infections in the etiology and complication of the disease. The present study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of CSL extracts of Citrullus colocynthis (CC), Curculigo pilosa (CP) and Gladiolus psittacinus (GP). DPPH scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, Iron chelating activity, total reducing power, total flavonoids and total phenolics were determined using standard methods while antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Klebisiellae pneumonae was determined using agar well diffusion method. CP gave the highest total phenolic content (86.84mg GAE/g extract) while the total flavonoid content of GP was the highest (55.95mg QUE/g extract) in comparison with other extracts. The IC50 values based on Iron chelating (72µg/ml), DPPH (174µg/ml) for CP and Hydrogen peroxide (95µg/ml) for GP were lower, indicating good antioxidant potential. Also, CP exhibited the highest reducing power in a concentration dependent manner. CC inhibited S. aureus (12mm), E. coli (14mm), S. typhi (14mm) and K. pneumonae (14mm) while CP inhibited S. aureus (12mm), S typhi (12mm) and K. pneumonae (14mm). GP only inhibited S. aureus (12mm) and K. pneumonae (12mm). All the extracts were inactive against B. subtilis. The results of this study showed that CSL extracts of CC, CP and GP possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties thereby justifying their use in folk medicine for the management of diabetes mellitus.