Economics
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Item Liberalization of trade in health services and the implication for Africa’s health system(Centre for Sustainable Development, University of Ibadan, 2014) Olaniyan, O.; Bankole, A. S.; Oyeranti, O. A.; Afaha, J. S.This paper explores the relationship between trade in health services, its liberalization, and Africa's health system with particular focus on Africa. Using a sample of African countries, a regression model link, health outcomes to health inputs and health policy variables were estimated to cover two separate periods- the pre- General Agreement in Trade in Services (GATS) (1990-1994) period and GATS period (1995-2006). The coefficients of the regression are then compared to determine the impact of GATS. Increasing the public health expenditure through additional budgetary provisions in African countries improves health only at the margin. The lack of agreement in the form of GATS limited the intensity of trade in health services. The non-significance of the trade in health services proxy variables during GATS period shows that health trade services impacts on Africa's health sector should be limited to commercial presence (Mode 3) and movement of health professionals (Mode 4) which are the channels through which health services trade is conducted in many African countries. Health services trade data are limited, hence proxy measure of health services were utilised in the paper and this might blur the expected impacts. The implication of the paper is for African countries to adequately participate in GATS as it involves trade in health services.Item Demand for international reserves: a case for reserves accumulation in Nigeria(Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Research Department, 2011-09) Bankole, A. S.; Olaniyan, O.; Oyeranti, O.; Shuaibu, M. I.This paper examined the determinants of international reserves holding in Nigeria, where a huge amount of foreign reserves is necessary to ensure good macroeconomic policy and international credit worthiness. Adopting a dynamic modeling approach combined with the Mizon-Richard encompassing test, both precautionary and mercantilist motives explain holding of foreign reserves in Nigeria. Specifically, the current account variability and past levels of external reserves drive reserve holding in the short run. In the long run, the former and the money supply are significant determinants. Therefore, enhancement of exports through support for quality and competitiveness of non-oil exports are key to reserves management.Item Production, trade and livelihoods of cotton producers in Nigeria(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2011-06) Bankole, A. S.; Olaniyan, O.; Oyeranti, O.; Abdulrahaman, M.The sustainable livelihood framework is applied to the context of cotton production and trade in Nigeria’s cotton belt with focus on small cotton farmers vulnerability to natural and environmental disasters; the effects of which policies and programmes were formulated to mitigate. The study aims at the application of multidisciplinary knowledge to the study of households and their livelihoods. In addition, the study helps to augment the pool of livelihoods research in Nigeria. With the aid of interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs), primary data were obtained from purposively selected communities in five northern states of Nigeria; namely Kano, Katsina, Kaduna, Zamfara and Jigawa in addition to secondary data on Nigeria’s cotton sector. The key finding of the study suggests that farmers are vulnerable to natural and environmental disasters as well as policy shocks to which some programmes and projects are targeted. The study also finds that institutional interventions to reduce vulnerabilities have been less successful in dealing with the restoration of small cotton farmers’ economic and social capital assets. Consequent upon the findings of the study, the adoption of sustainable livelihoods is germane for addressing cotton farmers ’ vulnerabilities in order to guarantee the success of poverty reduction strategies meant to help combat poverty for cotton producers.Item Determinants of child nutrition in Nigeria(College of Development Studies Covenant University, Canaanland Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, 2010-04) Olaniyan, O.; Bankole, A. S.; Oyeranti, O. A.; Faseyi, S. A.The importance of nutrition for an individual's well-being cannot be over emphasised because of its link to child poverty and development of adult human capital. This paper examines the effects of household resources and community-level variables on child nutrition (as indicated by the anthropometric measure of height for age). The data used for this study are drawn from the 1999 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey in Nigeria. The survey covers the whole country and questionnaires were administered to 18,300 households. We employ a model of nutrition status derived from the maximisation of household utility function. The model estimates the effects of household resources, parental education as well as community-level variables on child health status. We also explore the issue of nonlinearities in parental education as well as interaction between some community variables and parental education. Our results suggest significant relationships between household resources, community factors and child health.Item Poverty and inequality among rural households in Nigeria(2010) Okunmadewa, F.; Olaniyan, O.; Yusuf, S. A.; Bankole, A. S.; Oyeranti, O. A.; Omonona, B. T.; Awoyemi, T. T.; Olayiwola, K.Item A social cost-benefit analysis of the Nigerian liquefied natural gas (NLNG) project(Ibadan University Press, Publishing House, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 2006) Oyeranti, O. A.; Olaniyan, O.Item Health expenditure and health status in Northern and Southern Nigeria: a comparative analysis using National Health Account Framework(African Health Economics and Policy Association (AfHEA), 2013) Lawanson, A. O.; Olaniyan, O.Introduction: The financing of healthcare by government in Nigeria is complemented by contributions from the household, donor agencies, and the private sector. This paper examines the disparity in healthcare financing flows between the northern and southern regions of Nigeria and the implication for health outcomes. Methods: The paper uses data from the latest round of Sub-National Health Accounts for 17 states in Nigeria, from 2003 to 2005. The methodology was structured to give a complete accounting of all spending on health, regardless of the origin, destination, or object of the expenditure. Results: The paper found that healthcare financing in the north is relatively lower, accompanied by significant poor health status, with heavy dependence on the households in both regions. The share of households in the north was proportionally disproportionate, because of the high poverty incidence vis-a-vis public providers. This raises equity concerns as those least able to pay were made to bear more burden. Conclusion: The stewardship role of the government has to increase in terms of funding health care, in the light of low income of majority of the people, especially in the north, if the health status of the populace is to improve. Without government being directly involved in the provision of healthcare services, attempt should be made to subsidise the private sector health services to the citizenry. The pooling mechanism approach is identified to be an appealing alternative to finance healthcare.Item Health economics research: prospects and challenges in Nigeria(The Nigerian Economic Society, 2013-07) Soyibo, A.; Olaniyan, O.; Lawanson, A. O.This paper traces the evolution and development of health economics as a research and academic discipline in Nigeria. The emergence of research in health economics as a discipline in Nigeria in the 1980s through the international funding agencies’ activities predates its teaching. The funding was basically channelled to support capacity building in health policy research and training in the country. The subsequent critical mass of trained health economists produced went on to initiate the teaching of the discipline in Nigerian universities, from which Masters and Ph.D graduates have been produced. The course is mainly taught at the postgraduate level in the few Nigerian universities offering the discipline. Furthermore, the estimation of the two rounds of NHAs for the country has been facilitated by the domestic capacity in health economics, with domestic and foreign financial support. The paper identified two classes of health economics research in Nigeria: the research type, based on university or research institute, and the demand- driven research or consultancies. These are anchored by two main axes of university and/or research institute-based health economics research in Nigeria: Ibadan axis and Enugu axis. As a follow-up to the global and regional associations of health economists, the paper points to the emergence at national level of the Nigerian Health Economics Association which provides a platform for collaboration among health economists in the country. Despite the progress thus far, a number of challenges confront the research landscape of health economics in Nigeria, which include poor data availability, and reluctance to release data, as well as limited number of trained health economists. There is therefore the need for the political will to fully implement the health management information system project, enforce the Freedom of Information Act; and the provision of funds needed to support postdoctoral research in health economics.Item Health financing and expenditure in Nigeria(The Nigerian Economic Society, 2013-07) Soyibo, A.; Olaniyan, O.; Lawanson, A. O.Health care financing policy has a significant impact on the structure and organization of health care delivery. The choice of a particular health care financing approach has implications for economic incentives to patients and the providers, variations in the extent of access to health care for particular population groups, and the organization of health care delivery. This paper addresses the concept and various methods of health financing, as well as the criteria for the choice of different health financing policies. It also analyzes Nigeria's health expenditure based on two rounds of estimates from the National Health Accounts of Nigeria (NHA), 1995 to 2002 and 2003 to 2005. While each of the major financing methods: government revenue, social and private insurance, user fees, and community financing has its own strengths and weaknesses, the choice a nation is largely dependent on its history, culture, and current institutions, and on whatever tradeoffs regarding objectives that nation is willing to make. The paper analysis health expenditure patterns in Nigeria, using the National Health Accounts, based on estimates from Soyibo (2005) and Soyibo et al. (2009). Total health expenditure, as a percentage of GDP over period 1998 to 2003 ranged between less than 5 per cent and 7.5 per cent, while the households account for the bulk (average of 66%) of financing health care in Nigeria, which is not sustainable. Government, who relies on tax revenue contribute less than 23 per cent of the country's total health expenditure, while industrial private sector and the donor agencies play a minimal role. To ensure sustainability of the funding of health expenditure in the country, there is a need for a gradual and progressive shift to risk pooling mechanism, which not only appears more viable and sustainable, but also tend to lighten the burden on the households. Government in addition should wake up to her stewardship role in funding health care to improve the general welfare of Nigerians.Item National health accounts estimation: lesson from the Nigerian experience(2012-12) Lawanson, A. O.; Olaniyan, O.; Soyibo, A.Objective: This paper seeks to summarize the estimation of two rounds of Nigeria’s National Health Accounts (NHA), 1998-2002 and 2003-2005 and draw some lessons on the NHA methodology and health financing policy challenges towards enhancing government stewardship role in the health sector. Method: The paper uses the results of the two rounds of NHA estimations for Nigeria as basis for analysis. In each round of estimation, three matrices were estimated. Additional three matrices of sub-National Health Accounts were also estimated for 17states in the second round. Results: With Nigeria’s per capital Total Health Expenditure (THE) increasing from US$9.39 in 1998 to US$55,04 in 2005, the THE represent about 5% of GDP. The households accounted for around 68.6% of THE, while government shoulders about 25%. Major lessons learnt relate to skewed spending, challenges of record-keeping and data collection at the federal and state levels, and commitment of government and other stakeholders in ensuring institutionalized procedures for collection, reporting, and retrieval of health financing data. Conclusion: Though NHA results indicate increase in spending on health over time, there is a very high burden on households. Besides, there are institutional challenges inhibiting the estimation process. There is need for government to lessen burden on households to improve its stewardship by increasing its contribution. The institutional capacity need to be strengthen to collect and analyse health expenditure data and interpret results in terms of their policy implication, while government takes ownership of the process to ensure the institutionalization and sustainability of the estimation process.