Veterinary Physiology Biochemistry & Pharmacology
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Item Phytochemical, analgesic, in-Vitro anti-oxidant and GC-MS analysis of Vernonia amygdalina leaves(Biomedical Communications Group, 2018) Adeoye, A. T.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Adedapo, A. D. A.; Ayodele, E. A.; Yakubu, M. A.; Adedapo, A. A.The powdered leaf of Vernonia amygdalina was subjected to phytochemical screening, and in vitro antioxidant studies. The volatile oil of the leaves of the plant was also screened to determine the constituents. Analgesic tests using acetic acid induced writhing and paw licking (formalin) test in mice were also carried out. The in vitro antioxidant assay used include FRAP, ABTS, DPPH, and NO assay and then compared these with standards (Vitamin E and Rutin). Results showed the presence of saponins and tannins strongly, while alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones and terpenoids were present in little quantities. On the other hand however, cardiac glycosides were absent in the plant. In the FRAP assay method, the absorbance of Vernonia amygdalina was found to be dose dependent with the maximum absorbance of 0.641nm at 0.5mg/ml which was significantly higher than that of rutin (0.56nm) and lower than that of Vitamin E (0.77nm). The ABTS radical scavenging activity of Vernonia amygdalina showed a dose dependent increase in the inhibition of the ABTS radical scavenging activity (91.93, 95.42, 99.24, 99.34 and 99.53% at 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5mg/ml respectively). This was comparable to that of rutin. The extract and the reference antioxidant (Rutin and Vitamin E) promoted an inhibition of DPPH radical at all concentrations tested in this study. Vernonia amygdalina showed a relatively stable effect in inhibiting the DPPH radical at all doses tested reaching 74.76%, 69.11% and 86.90% for Vernonia amygdalina, Vitamin E and Rutin respectively at the highest concentration. Vernonia amygdalina showed a dose dependent increase in the inhibition of the nitric oxide radical. The major compounds obtained from the GC-MS analysis of the essential of Vernonia amygdalina in this study were caryophyllene oxide (23.48%), phytol (22.92%), 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl (12.98%), hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (12.24%), Oxirane, heptadecyl (12.11%), benzaldehyde (4.97%), benzeneacetaldehyde (5.83%), and trans-beta-ionone (5.47%). The methanol leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina inhibited the acetic acid induced writhing in a manner comparable with the standard drug used in this study. The paw licking (formalin) test produces a distinct biphasic response to pain stimulus and the extract caused a dose dependent decrease in the inhibition of pain in both phases of the formalin paw lick test.Item Phytochemical, acute toxicity, analgesic, in vitro antioxidant studies and GC-MS investigation of Essential Oil of the Methanol Leaf Extract of Momordica charantia(Sciencedomain International, 2017) Ofuegbe, S. O.; Akinrinde, A. S.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Yakubu, M. A.; Adedapo, A. A.Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which play an important role in the healing of various diseases. They are the best sources for chemical ingredients, antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for cure of different diseases. Most medicinal plants possess pharmacological activities (anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal etc.) due to the presence of these phytochemicals in them. In this study, we intend to conduct qualitative phytochemical screening and to quantitatively evaluate the total phenol, flavonols, tannins, proanthocyanidins and flavonoids contents of the plant, Mormodica charantia. The acute toxicity studies of the methanol leaf extract of M. charantia on mice was conducted to evaluate how safe the plant is in relation to dosage, and this is intended to establish the safety of the plant in mice with reference to OECD guidelines. Furthermore, the analgesic activity of the methanol leaf extract of M. charantia and the free radical scavenging activities of the plant in vitro were demonstrated using various standard procedures. We also intend to profile the major compounds present in the essential oil of the plant understudied using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Summarily, this study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening, acute toxicity, analgesic, in vitro antioxidant, as well as the chemical constituents in the essential oil of the methanol leaf extract of M. charantia.Item Gallic acid ameliorates Cyclophosphamide-Induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats Through Free radical scavenging activity and improvement in antioxidant defense system(Taylor & Francis, 2016) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Saba, A. B.; Olowu, E. R.; Dada, R. O.; Akinrinde, A. S.Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is a widely used anticancer chemotherapeutic agent and its toxicity has been associated with its toxic metabolites phosphormide mustard. Therefore, the ameliorative effect of Gallic acid against neurotoxicity was examined in this study. Sixty rats were grouped into 10 rats per group. Group 1 received saline orally.Group 2 received CPA at 100 mg/kg single dose intraperitoneally on day 1. Groups 3 and 4were treated with Gallic acid (GA) at 60 and 120 mg/kg body weight only for 10 days and also received a single dose of CPA (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally on day 1, respectively. Rats in groups 5 and 6 receivedGAat 60 and 120 mg/kg body weight only for 10 days. Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 received GA orally. The cerebellar and cerebral malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and hydrogen peroxide generation were significantly (p < .05) elevated. The cerebellar and cerebral catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly (p < .05) reduced in CPA treated group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly increased in rats that were treatment with CPA. Also, nitrite content was significantly elevated in the brain of rats that received the toxic dose of CPA. All these findings suggest that treatment with GA (60 and 120 mg/kg) ameliorated the neurotoxicity induced by CPA via reduction of oxidative stress and increase in antioxidant defense system. Combining all, chemotherapeutic agents with structure/function similar to GA could be of potential benefit to the pharmaceutical industries as an adjuvant in chemotherapy with little or no side effects.Item Antioxidant potential of the Methanol extract of Parquetina nigrescens mediates protection against intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion injury in rats(Taylor & Francis, 2015) Akinrinmade, F. J.; Akinrinde, S. A.; Soyemi, O. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.Parquetina nigrescens is a medicinal herb with recognized antioxidant properties and potential to alleviate conditions associated with oxidative stress, including gastric ulcers. We investigated the protective potential of methanol extract of Parquetina nigrescens (MEPN) against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the intestine of rats. Thirty (30) male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into five groups with Group I made up of control rats and Group II consisting of rats experimentally subjected to ischemia and reperfusion (IR) by clamping of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 30 minutes and 45 minutes, respectively. Groups III and IV rats also had IR, but were initially pre-treated with MEPN at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg respectively, for seven days. Rats in Group V were also pre-treated with Vitamin C, for seven days, before induction of IR. The results showed marked reduction in intestinal epithelial lesions in groups treated with MEPN, compared to the IR group which had severe villi erosion, inflammatory cell infiltration and hemorrhages. There were significant increases in Malondialdehyde (MDA) and significant reductions in reduced glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity with IR injury, while pre-treatment with either MEPN or Vitamin C prevented these effects. Increases in Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) with IR provided evidence for adaptive responses to oxidative injury during IR and preservation of enzyme activity by MEPN and Vitamin C. Taken together, Parquetina nigrescens provided considerable alleviation of intestinal injury produced by IR, at values much as effective as that offered by Vitamin C.Item Adverse effects of In-Vitro cadmium exposure on quality and antioxidant enzyme status of Boar Spermatozoa(University of Ibadan, 2014) Akinrinde, A. S.; Ojo, O. O.; Eboh, A. S.; Adedara, I. A.; Farombi, E. O.This study was aimed to evaluate the reproductive toxicity of cadmium chloride (CdCl2. 2.5H2O) in Boar spermatozoa in vitro. Boar spermatozoa obtained from the caudal epididymis of freshly slaughtered boars and dispersed in semen incubation medium (containing tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane, citric acid and fructose) were incubated at four different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mM) for 3 hours at 37OC. Sperm viability, motility and percentage of abnormal spermatozoa were assessed by microscopy every one hour during the 3–hour incubation period, using aliquots from the incubated samples. Samples thus treated with cadmium chloride were centrifuged and the supernatant was used in the assessment of biochemical parameters of oxidative stress including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), reduced glutathione (GSH) and Lipid peroxidation. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as transaminases (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also assessed. The percentage of motile and viable spermatozoa decreased significantly (p<0.05) after exposure of spermatozoa to CdCl2 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Cadmium significantly increased (p<0.05) the levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the spermatozoa with significant reductions (p<0.05) in the activities of SOD, GPX, and CAT. Slight but insignificant increase in GSH concentration was accompanied with a slight increase in GST activity. ALT, AST and ALP activities were differentially modified. The results of this study revealed that cadmium chloride caused reductions in sperm motility and viability, induction of oxidative stress and impairment of antioxidant enzyme activities.Item Effect of oral administration of Methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum on intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion injury in rats(Sciencedomain International, 2013) Akinrinmade, J. F.; Akinrinde, A. S.Aim: The effect of the methanolic extract of Ocimum gratisimum (OG) leaves on the tissue damage induced by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in the rat intestine was investigated. Study Design: Randomized controlled experiment. Place and Duration of Study: Experimental Animal Unit and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria from March to May, 2013. Methodology: 18 rats were divided randomly into 3 groups of 6 rats each. Group I served as control; Group II had IR injury by laparotomy with clamping of the Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 30 minutes followed by removal of the clamp for 45 minutes; Group III was pre-treated orally for 7days with methanolic extract of Ocimum gratissimum (MEOG) followed by IR injury. Sections of the duodenum and ileum were cut for histopathological examination. The remaining tissues were processed for the determination of biochemical markers of oxidative stress including Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione concentrations. Results: Mean values of MDA and H2O2 levels were significantly elevated (P=0.004 and P=0.03, respectively) in intestinal tissues following IR compared to control while reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were not significantly altered. OG (500mg/kg) caused significant reduction (P=0.02 and P=0.04) in MDA concentrations and H2O2 generation, respectively compared with the IR group. Histopathological examination revealed erosions and stunting of the villi tips in the duodenum and ileum, with severe mononuclear infiltration at the mucosal surface in the IR group. No visible lesions were observed in the intestine of the control group, with no significant alterations in the intestinal epithelium of the OGtreated rats. Conclusion: The results suggest that OG may provide some protection against intestinal mucosal injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion, through its anti-oxidative effects.