Pharmaceutical Microbiology
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Item Anti-measles virus activity of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde (Vanillin) isolated from xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. rich(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Oluremi, B. B.; Osamudiamen, P. M.; Adeniji, J. A.; Aiyelaagbe, O. O.Xylopia aethiopica is a plant used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of several infections in Nigeria. This study was carried out to isolate the active compound(s) in Xylopia aethiopica and evaluate their anti-measles virus activity. The Dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of Xylopia aethiopica was fractionated using chromatographic techniques, which led to the isolation of a compound characterized using spectroscopic techniques, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR in addition to in vitro anti-measles evaluation in adsorption and post-infection inhibition assays. The isolated compound characterized as 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde (Vanillin) was active on measles virus and has minimum nontoxic dose of 10 μg with cytotoxic and inhibitory activity of CC 50 = 84.18 μg/mL, IC 50 = 0.71 μg/mL and selectivity index (SI) = 118.56 (r 2 = 0.979) and interfered with viral attachment and fusion. This is the first report of the isolation of Vanillin from Xylopia aethiopica leaf and its high antiviral activity shows it could be developed further into a promising antiviral lead compound.Item Faecal antibiotic resistome of Nigerian chimpanzees from a wildlife sanctuary in Cross-River State, Nigeria(Faecal antibiotic resistome of Nigerian chimpanzees from a wildlife sanctuary in Cross-River State, Nigeria, 2021-06) George, U. E.; Arowolo, O. A.; Olayinka, O. A.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Oluremi, B.; Oragwa, A. O.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Udoh, E. E.; Osasona, O. G.; Donbraye, E.; Adeniji, O. P.; Adewumi, O. M.; Adeniji, J. A.Out of prescription, indiscriminate use, misuse and abuse of antibiotic administration and/or usage in both humans and farm animals have led to a consistent interference and contamination of biomes and ecobiomes. These resultantly give platforms for positive selection of resistant pathogens and high levels of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs). We examined Nigerian Chimpanzees in Boki Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, Cross-River State, Nigeria, to detect ARGs. Faecal samples from 15 Chimpanzees in pristine enclosures of Non-Human Primates in the Wildlife Sanctuary were analyzed. All faecal samples were pooled, then resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline. Subsequently, nucleic acid was extracted from the suspension and Illumina sequencing performed. ARGs in the raw reads were determined and assembled using the KmerResistance tool v2.2. From the 2,763,954 reads generated, 14 ARGs with statistically significant reads were identified. Precisely, 90.5% (12/14) of the ARGs detected target drugs that inhibit translation, of which 66.6% (8/12) were tetracycline resistance (TC-r) genes, while remaining 9.5% (2/14) inhibit cell wall synthesis (cfxA3_1 and cfxA6_1). Eight (aph(3’)-III_1, cfxA3_1, cfxA6_1, erm(B)_10, tet(Q)_1, tet(Q)_2, tet(Q)_4, tet(W)_5) of the ARGs detected were predicted to be plasmid-borne. We report using a cultivation-independent approach the presence of ARGs in Nigerian Chimpanzees. Findings suggest Nigerian Chimpanzees may constitute a hitherto overlooked source of antibiotic resistance in the environment. These ARGs may have been exchanged with handlers and rural dwellers around the Sanctuary. Surveillance of sympatric human faecal and environmental microbiota and their resistomes at the Wildlife Sanctuary are merited to inform public health interventions and decrease ARGs dissemination.Item Fecal antibiotic resistome of pigs from a small-scale piggery in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria(ResearchersLinks, 2021) Olayinka, O. A.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Omotosho, O. O.; Odukaye, O. A.; Oluremi, B.; Ibitoye, I. H.; Ope-Ewe, O. O.; George, U. E.; Arowolo, O. A.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Donbraye, E.; Adeniji, O. P.; Adewumi, O. M.; Adeniji, J. A.This study was designed to sample the fecal Resistome of Pigs from a small-scale Piggery in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Three fecal pellets were randomly picked from the floor of unit pens containing a minimum of three pigs per unit in selected piggery in Ibadan, Nigeria. The samples were pooled and resuspended in phosphate buffered saline. The suspension was then subjected to nucleic acid extraction, cDNA synthesis and Illumina sequencing. Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the raw reads were determined and assembled using the Kmer Resistance tool v2.2. From the 2,974,257 reads generated, 21 ARGs with statistically significant reads were identified. Almost all targeted broad-spectrum antibiotics with over 50% targeting Tetracyclines. Five (ant(6)-Ia_3, tet(40)_1, tet(Q)_1, tet(W)_5 and tet(O/W)_4) of the ARGs were predicted to be plasmid-borne. Our findings show that the Swine industry in the region might be both a mixing pot and reservoir of ARGs. It is therefore crucial that effort is made to educate the stakeholders on the importance of good antibiotics stewardship.Item Near-complete genome sequence of an enterovirus species F isolate recovered from sewage in Nigeria(American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, 2020) Faleye, T. O. C.; Ifeorah, M. I.; Olayinka, O. A.; Oluremi, B.; George, U. E.; Arowolo, O. A.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Donbraye, E.; Oyero, A. O.; Adewumi, O. M.; Adeniji, J. A.Here, we describe the near-complete genome of an enterovirus F (EV-F) isolate from Nigeria. The obtained sequence was 7,378 nucleotides (nt) long and encodes 2 open reading frames (ORFs), an upstream ORF (uORF; 56 amino acids [aa]) and a polyprotein ORF (ppORF; 2,167 aa). Both ORFs overlap but are in different reading frames, with the uORF in a +1 reading frame relative to the ppORF.Item Draft genome sequence of mycoplasma arginini strain NGR_2017(American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, 2018-06) Adeniji, J. A.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, O. M.; Olayinka, O. A.; Donbraye, E.; Oluremi, B; George, U. E.; Arowolo, O. A.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Ifeorah, M.; Akandeh, A.We present the draft genome of Mycoplasma arginini strain NGR_2017. This strain was recovered in Nigeria from cell culture in 2017. The assembly contains 620,555 bp in 12 contigs. It contains 561 coding sequences, 34 RNAs (29 tRNAs, 4 rRNAs, and 1 transfer-messenger RNA [tmRNA]), and a_26-kb integrative and conjugative element.Item Molecular identity and cytotoxicity of Lenzites quercina macrofungus extracts toward cancer cell lines(2017) Ogidi, O. C.; Oyetayo, V. O.; Akinyele, B. J.; Ogbole, O. O.; Adeniji, J. A.; Oluremi B. B.The medicinal uses of wild macrofungi have been attributed to their accumulated bioactive compounds. Several mushrooms have been reported to possess antitumor activity, but little, in this regard, is known about Lenzites quercina collected from Akure in Nigeria. Hence, the molecular identification and cytotoxic activity of extracts obtained from raw and fermented Lenzites quercina were assessed. The macrofungus Lenzites quercina was identified using Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) sequence analysis. The basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analyzed on NCBI GenBank data revealed that the Lenzites species from Nigeria – accession number, JF689829.1 – was closely related to Lenzites quercina (a 100% relationship match). The cytotoxic activity of raw and fermented Lenzites quercina extracts was tested against human cervical cancer (HeLa), rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and African green monkey kidney (VERO) cell lines. A tetrazolium yellow 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay was used to evaluate the reduction in viability of cell cultureswith or without the extracts of Lenzites quercina. Extracts of Lenzites quercina exhibited cytotoxic activity (6.0-84.5%) against the tested cancer cell lines (HeLa, VERO and RD). The concentration of the bioactive compounds in the crude extract ranged from 0.01 to 1000 μg/ml. The results revealed that bioactive compounds in Lenzites quercina possess cytotoxic properties. These bioactive compounds may be isolated and used as alternative therapies to currently available anticancer drugs.Item Anti-viral activity evaluation of selected medicinal plants of Nigeria against measles virus(Sciencedomain International, 2015) Oluremi, B. B.; Adeniji, J. A.This study was carried out as a preliminary investigation into selected medicinal plants of Nigeria with the aim of discovering and developing a drug with anti-measles virus activity as an alternative measure in disease control. Ten parts of seven plants (Diospyros barteri leaf, Xylopia aethiopica leaf and stem bark, Picralima nitida stem, Cajanus cajan, Argemone Mexicana, Morinda lucida, Uvaria chamae leaf, stem and root bark) were dried, powdered and extracted by cold maceration using absolute methanol, and maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) of each extract to Vero cell was determined. The cytotoxic activity and ability of extracts to inhibit viral-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) in tissue culture were evaluated three days post-inoculation and incubation, by 3-(4,5- Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay. Cytotoxic concentration at 50% (CC50) and inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) were determined using graphpad prism, and selective index (SI) was calculated as ratio of CC50 to IC50. Out of the ten plant extracts screened, Xylopia aethiopica leaf extract with IC50 of 1.248 μg/mL, Uvaria chamae root and stem bark extracts with IC50 1.216 μg/mL and 3.281 μg/mL, respectively demonstrated significant in vitro anti-measles virus activity. Bioassay-guided fractionation and further screening of active extracts showed activity to reside in the hexane and dichloromethane fractions of X. aethiopica leaf and U. chamae root and stem barks. These results suggest that these two plants could possibly lead to anti-measles virus drug discovery and development.