Virology

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Towards an effective poliovirus laboratory containment strategy in Nigeria
(BMC (BioMed Central),, 2018) Ticha, J. M.; Matthew, K. O.; Hamisu, A. W.; Braka, F.; Mkanda, P.; Nsubuga, P.; Tesfaye, E.; Craig, K,; Etsano, A.; Emelife, O.; Shuaib, F.; Akinkugbe, F.; Adeniji, J. A.; Adamu, U.; Dallatu, M.; Oyeyinka, G.; Brown, H.; Nnamah, N.; Okwori, J.; Chinedu, C.; Anibijuwon, I.; Adewumi, O. M.; Donbraye, E.; Bagana, M.; Baba, M.; Gumede, N.; Banda, R.; Tegegne, S. G.; Oyetunji, A.; Diop, O.; Tomori, O.; Vaz, R.G.
Background: The Global Commission for the Certification of the Eradication of Poliomyelitis will declare the world free of wild poliovirus transmission when no wild virus has been found in at least 3 consecutive years, and all laboratories possessing wild poliovirus materials have adopted appropriate measures of containment. Nigeria has made progress towards poliomyelitis eradication with the latest reported WPV type 1 on 21 Aug 2016 after 2 years without any case. This milestone achievement was followed by an inventory of biomedical laboratories completed in November 2015 with the destruction of all identified infectious materials. This paper seeks to describe the poliovirus laboratory containment process in Nigeria on which an effective containment system has been built to minimize the risk of virus re-introduction into the population from the laboratories. Methods: A national survey of all biomedical facilities, as well as an inventory of laboratories from various sectors, was conducted from June November 2015. National Task Force (NTF) members and staff working on polio administered an on-site questionnaire in each facility. Laboratory personnel were sensitized with all un-needed materials destroyed by autoclaving and incineration. All stakeholders were also sensitized to continue the destruction of such materials as a requirement for phase one activities. Results: A total of 20,638 biomedical facilities were surveyed with 9575 having laboratories. Thirty laboratories were found to contain poliovirus or potentially infectious materials. The 30 laboratories belonged to the ministries of health, education, defence and private organizations. Conclusions: This article is amongst the first in Africa that relates poliovirus laboratory containment in the context of the tOPV-bOPV switch in alignment with the Global Action Plan III. All identified infectious materials were destroyed and personnel trained to continue to destroy subsequent materials, a process that needs meticulous monitoring to mitigate the risk of poliovirus re-introduction to the population.
Draft genome sequence of a bovine enterovirus isolate recovered from sewage in Nigeria
(American Society for Microbiology (ASM), 2018) Faleye, T. O. C; Adewumi, O. M.; Olayinka, O. A.; Donbraye, E; Oluremi, B.; George, U. E.; Arowolo, O. A.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Ifeorah, M. I.; Oyero, A . O.; Adeniji, J. A.
We describe the draft genome of a bovine enterovirus (EV) isolate recovered from sewage in Nigeria. This isolate replicates on both RD and L20B cell lines but is negative for all EV screens in use by the Global Poliovirus Eradication Initiative (GPEI). It contains 7,368 nucleotides (nt) with 50.2% G C content and an open reading frame (ORF) with 6,525 nt (2,174 amino acids).
Isolation and Identification of Enteroviruses from Sewage and Sewage-Contaminated Water Samples from Ibadan, Nigeria, 2012-2013
(SciTechnol, 2017) Adeniji, J. A.; Adewale, A. O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.
In 2010, we described sewage contaminated water (SCW) bodies that consistently yielded enteroviruses (EVs) in enterovirus surveillance (ES) sites in Lagos, Nigeria. By 2012, we demonstrated the presence and circulation of Wild Poliovirus 3 (WPV3) in these ES sites. Here we describe ES sites that consistently yield EVs in Ibadan metropolis southwest Nigeria. Twenty-five ES samples were collected by grab method from nine sites between October, 2012 and March, 2013. Samples were concentrated and four (RD, HEp2C, MCF-7 and L20B) different cell lines used for virus isolation from the concentrates. Isolates were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, PanEnterovirus 5l-UTR and VP1 assays. Unidentifiable isolates were further subjected to species-specific RTPCR assays. Amplicons were sequenced, isolates identified and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Twenty-five isolates were recovered from 8 (32%) of the samples collected. Twenty-three of the isolates were identified as EVs by the PanEntero5l-UTR assay. Thirteen (57%) of the 23 EVs were positive for the VP1 assay, and identified as Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) (1 isolate), CVB6 (1 isolate), E6 (2 isolates), E7 (5 isolates), E11 (1 isolate), E12 (1 isolate) and E13 (2 isolates). None and 2 (25%) of the remaining isolates were positive for the EV-B and EV-C assays, respectively. The 2 EV-C positive enteroviruses were isolated on MCF-7. This study describes three very productive ES sites, and documents the presence of CVB3, CVB6, E6, E7, E11, E12 and, E13 in Ibadan, Nigeria. Including other cell lines in EV isolation protocols can broaden the diversity of EV types recoverable.
Enterovirus A119 in A Child with Acute Flaccid Paralysis, Nigeria
(MedCrave Group, 2016) Adeniji, J. A.; Oragwa, A. O.; George, U. E.; Ibok, U. I.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.
The oldest EV-A119 record was in 2008 in a chimpanzee in Cameroon and subsequently in more non-human primates and healthy children. Here we report for the first time the detection of EV-A119 in a child with Acute Flaccid Paralysis, thus suggesting possible association with a clinical condition in humans

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