Virology
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Item Serological markers of HBV infection: A community-based study of urban dwellers in Southwest Nigeria(African Society for Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2020) Akere, A.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Dafikpaku, I. N.; Oni, O. E.; Tomo, O. V.; Akinola, A. O.; Onyenucheya, A. G.; Adeniji, J. A.Background and Aim: Globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been a major public health issue. In sub-Saharan Africa, about 10–20% of the general population are chronic carriers of HBV infection, making it a high endemic region. This study was designed to evaluate the pattern of distribution of markers of HBV among asymptomatic subjects in an urban community in southwest Nigeria. Methodology: The study was carried out among apparently healthy subjects without prior knowledge of their HBV status. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic and relevant information, while ELISA kits were used to detect HBsAg/Ab, HBeAg/Ab, Total anti-HBc, and anti-HBc IgM using the participants’ sera. Results: The results of 438 subjects comprising 133 (30.4%) males and 305 (69.6%) females were analysed, age ranged 1.5–70 years (35.7 ± 15.7 years). Overall, 31 (7.1%) of the participants had detectable HBsAg, 2 (6.5%) and 7 (1.6%) subjects had detectable HBeAg and anti-HBc IgM respectively. Anti-HBs was detected in 83 (18.9%) subjects, while 39 (8.9%) had anti-HBe. Of the HBsAg positive participants, 13 (3.2%) were also positive for both anti-HBc IgM and HBeAg, 25 (80.6%) had anti-HBe, while 3 (9.7%) had only anti-HBc IgM. None of them had anti-HBs. Among those who were HBsAg negative, 83 (20.4%) had anti-HBs as the only serological marker, while 313 (76.9%) had no serological markers of HBV infection. Only 145 of the total population were tested for anti-HBc Total, of whom 65 (44.8%) were positive. Conclusion: This study has highlighted the burden of HBV infection in the population studied. There is therefore the need for more awareness through information programmes to the public and for preventive measures through vaccination programmes.Item Characterization of hepatitis delta virus strains spreading in Abuja, Nigeria(Wiley Periodicals, Inc.,, 2019) Ifeorah, I. M.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Bakarey, A. S.; Adewumi, O. M.; Gerber, A.; Le Gal, F.; Adeniji, J. A; Gordien, E.; Onyemelukwe, N. F.Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is responsible for the most severe form of liver disease in humans. So far, eight genotypes (HDV‐1 to ‐8) have been individualized worldwide. Little is known about HDV strains that spread in Nigeria. HDV genotyping was performed in 15 anti–HDV positive samples from a cohort of 306 hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients in Abuja (Nigeria). Phylogenetic analyses revealed 90% were HDV‐1, two among them clustering with European/Asian HDV‐1, the remaining one being HDV‐6. It was also found that two members of a couple superinfected with the same HDV strain, were enveloped by two different HBV strains of genotype E.Item Evaluation of performance testing of different rapid diagnostic kits in comparison with EIAs to validate detection of hepatitis B virus among high risk group in Nigeria(Taylor & Francis, 2018-05-15) Afolabi, A. Y.; Bakarey, A. S.; Adewumi, M.O.Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes chronic liver-associated diseases and its early detection is of high public health importance. Its diagnosis is mainly based on immunological assays among which Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and rapid tests are the most common and widespread methods. However, a major challenge is the discordance of results of any two laboratory assays which cannot be easily resolved. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the validity and reliability of commercially available five rapid test kits in comparison with two Enzyme Immunoassays (EIAs) in Nigeria using hepatitis B surface antigen as a reference marker. Methods: A total of 100 sera of previously diagnosed consenting HBV-positive patients from private diagnostic laboratories in Ibadan between March and August, 2011 were tested using two EIA and five rapid commercially available HBV test kits in Nigeria. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 15, while bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify associations at P < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Overall, the sensitivity rates of the two EIA kits were 100% and 99.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 98.9–99.7) with specificity of 100% and 99.9% (95% CI = 98.9–99.7), respectively. The sensitivity of the five rapid test kits ranged from 97.5% (95% CI = 96.4–97.6) to 98.9% (95% CI = 97.9–99.9) with specificity of 80% (95% CI = 79.3–80.9) to 90% (95% CI = 89.2–91.0). Also, the positive predictive value ranged from 88% (95% CI = 88.2–89.9) to 89% (95% CI = 88.2–89.9), while the negative predictive value ranged from 80% (95% CI = 79.3–80.9) to 90% (95% CI = 89.2–91.0) for the five rapid kits. However, that of the two EIAs ranged from 99.9% (98.9– 99.7) to 100%. Further analysis showed significant (P = 0.033) variations in the sensitivity and specificity of the EIAs and rapid test kits. Conclusions: The results from this study have clearly revealed the challenges of diagnosis of HBV infections in Nigeria. This study has also demonstrated that the sensitivity of most of the rapid test kits may not be adequate when compared with EIA for early detection of HBV infections. The implications of possible misdiagnosis on the various intervention strategies that rely predominantly on correct HBV status of an individual are enormous. Therefore, there is the need to further compliment the use of rapid test kits with EIAs for HBV control in Nigeria.Item Evaluation of CD4 T lymphocyte cell Levels among Hepatitis B, C and E Viruses negative individuals in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria(SCIENCEDOMAIN International, 2017) Adewumi, M. O .; Omoruyi, E. C.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Akere, A.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adeniji, J.A.Aim: The CD4 T lymphocytes play a key role in achieving a regulated effective immune response to foreign antigens. It is also a valuable parameter for assessing HIV disease progression. However, variations in CD4 T lymphocyte values due to diverse factors have been reported. Here we evaluated CD4 T lymphocytes among community dwellers who tested negative for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and hepatitis E viruses and compared the results with the National Reference Values (NRVs).Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and their socio-demographic characteristics were captured by administration of semi-structured questionnaires. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted among residents of Ibadan metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Participants were enrolled between July and September, 2013 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Methodology: Four hundred consenting participants who fulfilled the criteria for enrolment were evaluated for CD4 T lymphocyte counts. Results: Estimated mean CD4 T lymphocyte count of 1,183 (CD4 Range: 328-2680) cells/μl of blood was recorded for the participants. Four (1.0%), 151 (37.8%), 157 (39.2%), 74 (18.5), and 14(3.5) of the participants had CD4 T lymphocyte count ranged 352-500, 501-1,000, 1,001-1500, 1501-2,000, and >2,000 cells/μl of blood, respectively. Differences in the estimated mean CD4 count between different age groups varied significantly (P=0.010).Conclusion: In this study, significantly higher CD4 T lymphocyte values were observed among the study population in comparison to the NRVs, and consequently we advise careful interpretation and use of extrapolated CD4 T lymphocyte values in the management of persons with diverse geographical background or health conditions.Item Profiles of Hepatitis B Virus Serological Markers among Asymptomatic Population in Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria(SciTechnol, 2017) Bakarey, A. S.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Adewumi, M. O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Uttah, C. C.; Oketade, M. A.; Adeniji, J. A.Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is apparent in endemic countries affecting millions of people. Further, the asymptomatic nature of the pathogen is a major public health concern. This study was designed to assess the burden of HBV by exploring the serologic markers of infection among consenting asymptomatic community dwellers in two cities in southeastern Nigeria. A total of 405 blood specimens were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe, total anti-HBc and anti-HBc-IgM using ELISA technique. Overall, 14(3.5%) of the participants had detectable HBsAg out of which 1 (7.1%) had HBeAg and 13, anti-HBe. Two of the HBsAg positives (14.3%) had detectable anti-HBc-IgM. A total of 144 (35.5%) had detectable anti-HBc, even as 65 (57.0%) of them had the marker as the only serologic evidence of HBV exposure. Thirty-seven (9.1%) participants had anti-HBs only although all of them were born before the start of the childhood HBV vaccination. Altogether, 224 (57.3%) had no detectable serological markers of HBV infection or immunity and were obviously at risk ofHBV infection. This study described various patterns of HBV serologic markers of infection in the study population and probable risk of viru spread. Our results support the need for urgent intervention and implementation of measures to control the spread of HBV infection in Nigeria.Item Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Two Geographical Regions of Nigeria(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2017) Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Awokunle, R. F.; Sekoni, D. E.; Adeniji, J. A.This study was therefore designed to describe acute HEV infection among antenatal clinic attendees and community dwellers from two geographical regions in Nigeria. Seven hundred and fifty plasma samples were tested for HEV IgM by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The tested samples were randomly selected from a pool of 1,115 blood specimens previously collected for viral hepatitis studies among selected populations (pregnant women, 272; Oyo community dwellers, 438; Anambra community dwellers, 405) between September 2012 and August 2013. One (0.4%) pregnant woman in her 3rd trimester had detectable HEV IgM, while community dwellers fromthe two study locations had zero prevalence rates of HEV IgM.Detection of HEV IgM in a pregnant woman, especially in her 3rd trimester, is of clinical and epidemiological significance.The need therefore exists for establishment of a robust HEV surveillance system in Nigeria and especially amidst the pregnant population in a bid to improve maternal and child health.Item Patterns of serologic markers of hepatitis B virus infection and the risk of transmission among pregnant women in southwestern Nigeria(Taylor & Francis, 2017) Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Adewumi, M. O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Uttah, C. C.; Oketade, M. A.; Adeniji, J. A.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health concern in developing countries that has a high morbidity and mortality rate. Vertical transmission of HBV from mother to child has been identified as a major factor leading to chronicity with attendant liver conditions, especially in poor socioeconomic settings. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of serological HBV markers among pregnant women in Ibadan southwestern Nigeria and to determine the implications for perinatal HBV transmission. This study revealed the presence of varied HBV serological patterns of infection or immunity among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria, and thus the risk of mother to child transmission.Item Hepatitis B Virus Serological Markers in a Rural Community in Southeastern Nigeria(SCIENCEDOMAIN International, 2017) Bakarey, A. S.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Olaleye, V. F.; Awokunle, R. F.; Sekoni, D.E.Due to the current blood safety algorithm in Nigeria which excludes only Hepatitis B surface Antigenaemia (HBsAg) positive individuals from blood donation, this study was therefore designed to investigate HBV markers of infection in a rural population in southeastern Nigeria. It is a cross sectional community-based study. This study was carried out in Awuda village in Nnobi town of southeastern Nigeria in August 2013. A total of 92 consenting participants were enrolled for the study. The participants were screened for HBsAg, HBeAg, Anti-HBc IgM, Anti-HBc, Anti-HBe and Anti-HBs using ELISA technique and classified into different serological profiles indicative of infection stages. Respondents’ mean age was 26.3(SD +11.5) years and 58 of them were females while 34 were males. An overall prevalence for HBsAg was 1.1% (1/92). The same HBsAg positive individual also had detectable anti-HBe and anti- HBc IgM. Analysis of the results showed 3 (3.3%) of the study participants were positive for both Anti-HBe and Anti-HBc. Also, 12 (13.0%) participants were positive for only Anti-HBc and Anti-HBs antibody. Another 9 (9.8%) participants were positive for only Anti-HBs while 51 (55.0%) had no serological marker for previous exposure to either HBV or HBV vaccine. Altogether, 31(33.7%), 1(1.1%) and 21(22.8%) participants were positive for HBc, HbcIgM and HBs antibodies respectively. This study has demonstrated that at least 1 out of every 3 people in the studied community might have serological evidence of present or past HBV infection. The current dependence of blood safety algorithms which excludes only HBsAg positive individuals is not enough to guarantee safety of blood and/or blood products. More studies are needed to further investigate the theoretical basis of the algorithm.Item HBV Infection among HIV-infected cohort And HIV-negative Hospital attendees in South Western Nigeria(African Network for Infectious Diseases (ANID), 2014) Adewumi, M. O.; Donbraye, E.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O."Background: Prevalence, association and probable mode of acquisition of HBV and HIV dual infections have not been fully explored. Thus, HBV intervention plan and services are sometimes exclusively targeted towards HIV-infected population. We investigated HBV infection among HIV-infected cohort in comparison with HIV-negative hospital attendees to ascertain dual infectivity pattern; thereby encouraging appropriat allotment of intervention services. A total of 349 (M=141; F=208; Mean=33.98 years; Range= 0.33-80 years) plasma specimens from two virus diagnostic laboratories in south-western Nigeria were analysed. These include 182 HIV-positive and 167 HIV-negative specimens from ART and GDV laboratories respectively. The specimens were initially screened for detectable HIV antigen/antibody, and subsequently HBsAg by ELISA technique. Overall, HBsAg was detected in 20.92% (95% CI: 16.65-25.19%) of the patients. Also, 24.82% (95% CI: 17.69 31.95%) and 18.27% (95% CI: 13.02-23.52%) HBsAg positivity was recorded for males and females respectively. CHI square analysis showed no association (P=0.14) between gender and prevalence of HBsAg. Similarly, comparison of prevalence of HBsAg by age groups shows no significant difference (P=0.24). Overall, no significant difference (P=0.59) was observed in the prevalence of HBsAg among the HIV-infected cohort and HIV-negative hospital attendees. Results of the study confirm endemicity and comparable rates of HBV infection independent of HIV-status.Item Evaluation of immunity against poliovirus serotypes among children in riverine areas of Delta State, Nigeria(Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Society of Nigeria (MMSN), 2011-06-01) Donbraye, E.; Adewumi, M. O.; Odaibo, G. N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Opaleye, O. O.; Olaleye, D. O.Nigeria remains one of the major reservoirs for wild poliovirus transmission despite the reported success in National Immunization Days and acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. Two hundred children aged ≤ 10 years, were enrolled following parental consent from hard-to-reach riverine areas of Delta state of Nigeria to assess the level of protective immunity to poliovirus. Neutralizing antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes in the serum samples of the children were determined by the beta method of neutralization. Eight (4%) of the children had no detectable antibody, 178 (89%), 180 (90%) and 181 (90.5%) were positive for antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Overall, 162 (81%) of the children had antibodies to the three poliovirus serotypes at a titre of at least 1:8. The study shows the need for proper monitoring of vaccination coverage in such hard-to-reach riverine areas to achieve the objective of the global eradication of poliovirus.