Virology
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Item In vitro antiviral activity of peptide‑rich extracts from seven Nigerian plants against three non‑polio enterovirus species C serotypes(Springer Nature, 2021) Ogbole, O. O.; Akinleye, T. E.; Nkumah, A. O.; Awogun, A.O.; Attah, A. F.; Adewumi, M. O.; Adeniji, A.J.Background: As frequent viral outbreaks continue to pose threat to public health, the unavailability of antiviral drugs and challenges associated with vaccine development underscore the need for antiviral drugs discovery in emergent moments (endemic or pandemic). Plants in response to microbial and pest attacks are able to produce defence molecules such as antimicrobial peptides as components of their innate immunity, which can be explored for viral therapeutics. Methods: In this study, partially purified peptide-rich fraction (P-PPf ) were obtained from aqueous extracts of seven plants by reverse-phase solid-phase extraction and cysteine-rich peptides detected by a modified TLC method. The peptide-enriched fractions and the aqueous (crude polar) were screened for antiviral effect against three non-polio enterovirus species C members using cytopathic effect reduction assay. Results: In this study, peptide fraction obtained from Euphorbia hirta leaf showed most potent antiviral effect against Coxsackievirus A13, Coxsackievirus A20, and Enterovirus C99 (EV-C99) with IC50< 2.0 μg/mL and selective index ≥ 81. EV-C99 was susceptible to all partially purified peptide fractions except Allamanda blanchetii leaf. Conclusion: These findings establish the antiviral potentials of plants antimicrobial peptides and provides evidence for the anti-infective use of E. hirta in ethnomedicine. This study provides basis for further scientific investigation geared towards the isolation, characterization and mechanistic pharmacological study of the detected cysteine-richpeptides.Item Isolation and Genomic Characterization of Echovirus 11 from faeces of a Non-Human Primate in Nigeria(Springer Nature, 2021-05-16) Faleye, T. O. C.; George, U. E.; Klapsa, D.; Majumdar, M.; Oragwa, A. O.; Adewumi, O. M.; Martin, J.; Adeniji, J. A.We recently investigated the presence of enteroviruses (EVs) in non-human primates (NHPs) in Northern Nigeria and documented the presence of EV-A76 of South-East Asian ancestry in an NHP. In this study, we go further to ask if we could also find EVs in NHPs indigenous to the forested South-south Nigeria. Fresh faecal samples were collected from the floor of 10 cages housing NHPs in Cross River Nigeria, resuspended in PBS and subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, PanEnt 50-UTR and PanEnt VP1 PCR assays. None of the samples was positive for the PanEnt VP1 assay, but one sample was positive for PanEnt 50- UTR PCR. This sample was subsequently inoculated into RD cell line, produced CPE and the isolate analysed by PCR assays, next-generation whole genome sequencing and passage in four different cell lines showing replication in two of them. Analysis of the complete genome of the isolate identified it as an Echovirus 11 (E11) and revealed a recombinant genomic structure. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the E11 NHP strain was related to human clinical isolates suggesting a zoonotic behaviour. We describe the first isolation and complete genome characterization of an E11 obtained from an NHP in Nigeria having zoonotic potential.