Virology
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Item Hepatitis B virus infection in low and middle – income Countries: combined serological markers for efficient diagnosis(Nigerian Society for Microbiology, 2020) Japhet, M. O.; Adesina, O. O.; Olateru-Olugbegi, O.; Adewumi, M. O.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global problem with Asia and sub-Saharan Africa mostly affected. Unfortunately, residual risk of transfusion associated HBV (TAHBV) is greater in low- and middle-income countries where virus prevalence is higher and implementation of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) and/or anti-HBc testing remain high-priced due to cost and loss of donors/blood products. There is therefore the need for cheaper and practical alternatives to reducing TAHBV. For this study, blood samples were collected from 273 consenting blood donors, aged 18-60 years. Five HBV serological markers: HBV surface and envelope antigens (HBsAg, HBeAg), and HBV core, surface and envelope antibodies (anti-HBc,anti-HBs, HBeAb) were detected using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays. A high anti-HBs prevalence of 37.7% was detected among the donors while HBsAg prevalence was 5.1%, a rate lower than 8% value for high endemic regions to which Nigeria is classified. Among the donors HBcIgM prevalence was 4.8% (13/273), with twelve donors (4.4%; 12/13) having anti-HBc IgM as the only detectable marker of HBV infection. Anti-HBs presence of 200 mIU/mL or more has been reported safe as a transfusion component in anti-HBc-positive blood. A high anti-HBs observed among blood donors in this study could be explored in routine HBV screening of anti-HBc-positive blood donors. Including anti-HBs screening and anti-HBc IgM found as the only HBV infection marker in 12 (4.4%) donors could reduce TAHBV in Nigeria where HBV NAT screening is not affordable and discarding anti-HBc IgG-positive blood not feasible because blood transfusion is critical to treatment of diverse pathologies.Item Recovery of nonpolio enteroviruses from l20b cell line with non-reproducible cytopathic effect(BioMed Central, 2018) Adeniji, J. A.; Ibok, U. I.; Ayinde,O. T.; Oragwa, A. O.; George, U. E.; Faleye. T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.Background and Aim of the Study: Samples showing cytopathic effect (CPE) on initial inoculation into L20B cell line but with no observed or reproducible CPE on passage in L20B or RD are considered negative for both poliovirus and nonpolio enteroviruses (NPEVs). The phenomenon is termed ‘non-reproducible CPE’. Its occurrence is usually ascribed to the likely presence of reoviruses, adenoviruses and other non-enteroviruses. This study aimed to investigate the likelihood that NPEVs are also present in cases with non-reproducible CPE. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan using twenty-six (26) cell culture suspensions collected from the WHO National Polio Laboratory, Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. The suspensions emanated from 13 L20B cell culture tubes that showed cytopathology within 5 days of inoculation with faecal suspension from AFP cases. However, on passage into one each of RD and L20B cell lines, the CPE was not reproducible. The study lasted for three (3) months from samples collection to report writing. Methodology: All samples were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, the WHO recommended VP1 RT-seminested PCR assay, species resolution PCR assay, sequencing andphylogenetic analysis. Results: Six (6) samples were positive for the VP1 RT-seminested PCR assay. Only four of which were positive by the species resolution PCR assay. The four amplicons were sequenced, however, only three (3) were successfully identified as Coxsackievirus A20 (2 isolates) and Echovirus 29 (1isolate). Conclusion: The results of this study unambiguously showed the presence of NPEVs (particularly CVA20 and E29) in cell culture supernatants of samples with CPE on initial inoculation into L20B cell line but with no observed or reproducible CPE on passage in RD cell line. Therefore, like reoviruses, adenoviruses and other non-enteroviruses, NPEVs can also be recovered in cases with non-reproducible CPE.Item Evaluation of CD4 T lymphocyte cell Levels among Hepatitis B, C and E Viruses negative individuals in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria(SCIENCEDOMAIN International, 2017) Adewumi, M. O .; Omoruyi, E. C.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Akere, A.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adeniji, J.A.Aim: The CD4 T lymphocytes play a key role in achieving a regulated effective immune response to foreign antigens. It is also a valuable parameter for assessing HIV disease progression. However, variations in CD4 T lymphocyte values due to diverse factors have been reported. Here we evaluated CD4 T lymphocytes among community dwellers who tested negative for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and hepatitis E viruses and compared the results with the National Reference Values (NRVs).Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique and their socio-demographic characteristics were captured by administration of semi-structured questionnaires. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted among residents of Ibadan metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Participants were enrolled between July and September, 2013 at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Methodology: Four hundred consenting participants who fulfilled the criteria for enrolment were evaluated for CD4 T lymphocyte counts. Results: Estimated mean CD4 T lymphocyte count of 1,183 (CD4 Range: 328-2680) cells/μl of blood was recorded for the participants. Four (1.0%), 151 (37.8%), 157 (39.2%), 74 (18.5), and 14(3.5) of the participants had CD4 T lymphocyte count ranged 352-500, 501-1,000, 1,001-1500, 1501-2,000, and >2,000 cells/μl of blood, respectively. Differences in the estimated mean CD4 count between different age groups varied significantly (P=0.010).Conclusion: In this study, significantly higher CD4 T lymphocyte values were observed among the study population in comparison to the NRVs, and consequently we advise careful interpretation and use of extrapolated CD4 T lymphocyte values in the management of persons with diverse geographical background or health conditions.Item Traditional crop farmers in Kogi East, Nigeria elucidate elevated HIV and AIDS prevalence level during a five -year study period(Academic Journals (Academic Journals Inc., Lagos, Nigeria), 2009) Sule, W. F.; Enemuor, S. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Attah, O. C.The United Nations reported that HIV and AIDS have negative impact upon agriculture and increasing hunger in sub-Saharan Africa. Such a situation is postulated to synonymously occur in Nigeria. This study therefore, aimed to investigate the prevalence level of HIV antibodies and AIDS among traditional crop farmers and non-farmers comprising traders, drivers, teachers and students in Kogi East. This is one of the primary agricultural areas of Kogi State, Nigeria and is therefore of great importance to perform an assessment depicting the prevalence of local HIV infection. Documented records of HIV antibody screening from the year 2002 to 2006 at the Voluntary Counselling and HIV Testing Unit of General Hospital, Ankpa, Kogi East were reviewed. Selected data was statistically analyzed with Chi2 - test using SPSS 13.0. A total of 11,077 patients from the ages of two months to 72 years were screened during the five years. Of this, 2,510 HIV positive cases (overall prevalence of 22.70%; mean = 21.86%; n= 5; standard deviation [SD] = 5.64%) and 322 mean = 12.47%; n = 5; SD = 2.23%) AIDS-related deaths were documented. The letter group included 250 (77.6%, mean = 71.91%; SD = 15.72%) farmers. A significant higher number of farmers were seropositive (_2 = 72.710; p = 0.001, df = 1, _ = 0.05) and died (_2 = 93.255; p = 0.001, df = 1, _ = 0.05) of AIDS-related illness compared to the non-farmers. The ages of people that died range from 12 to 49 years (n = 322) with a mean age of 44.1 years. Throughout the specified five years sampling duration, more non-farmers than farmers partook in HIV antibody screening. Farmers that were seropositive for HIV antibodies and died of AIDS-related illness were significantly higher in proportion than the non-farmers.Item Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) specific antibodies among married pregnant women and female commercial sex workers attending voluntary counseling and HIV testing (VCT) centre in Abuja, Nigeria(Medical Microbiology and Parasitology Society of Nigeria (MMSN), 2009) Sule,W. F; Adewumi, M. O.; Samuel, T. C.Generally, married women and commercial sex workers (CSWs) engage in sexual activity - an important risk factor for contracting HIV. We therefore tested a hypothesis that prevalence of HIV-1/2 antibodies among married pregnant women (PW) is not different from that of female CSWs. One hundred married PW and 99 female CSWs enrolled in the study. They were consecutively selected as they visited the VCT centre for HIV antibody test. Pertinent data were obtained from each subject using questionnaire forms; venous blood sample was aseptically collected from subjects that gave verbal consent. Plasma obtained from each sample was tested using parallel testing algorithm with DETERMINE® HIV-1/2 and HIV-1/2 STAT-PAK® test was used for statistical analysis of the data. The overall prevalence of HIV-1/2 antibodies was 29.1% (n = 199). Seroprevalence of 39.4 and 19.0% were observed for the CSWs and the PW, respectively. Using various variables, comparison of HIV-1/2 serostatus of the CSWs with that of the married PW showed that the CSWs generally had significantly higher seroprevalence. CSWs who were inconsistent in the use of condom with their clients prior to sexual intercourse in the past three months before this study (P = 0.0001, OR = 11.2) and those aged _ 39 years had significantly (P =0.004, OR = 2.6) higher seroprevalence. Though both groups recorded seropositivity, inconsistency in the use of condom appeared to be the factor mostly responsible for the significantly higher seropositivity of the female CSWs.Item Mother-to-child transmission of different HIV-1 subtypes among ARV NAÏVE infected pregnant women in Nigeria(2006) Odaibo, G. N.; Olaleye, D. O.; Heyndrick, L.; Vereecken, K.; Houwer, K.; Jassens, W."The rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV as well as the implications of the circulating multiple subtypes to MTCT in Nigeria are not known. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the differential rates of MTCT of HIV-1 subtypes detected among infected pregnant women before ARV intervention therapy became available in Nigeria. Twenty of the HIV-positive women who signed the informed consent form during pregnancy brought their babies for follow-up testing at age 18-24 months. Plasma samples from both mother and baby were tested for HIV antibody at the Department of Virology, UCH, Ibadan, Nigeria. All positive samples (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PBMCs) were shipped to the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, where the subtype of the infecting virus was determined using the HMA technique. Overall, a mother-to-child HIV transmission rate of 45% was found in this cohort. Specifically, 36.4%, 66.7% and 100% of the women infected with HIV-1 CRF02 (IbNg), G and B, respectively, transmitted the virus to their babies. As far as it can be ascertained, this is the first report on the rate of MTCT of HIV in Nigeria. The findings reported in this paper will form a useful reference for assessment of currently available therapeutic intervention of MTCT in the country."