Scholarly works in Health Promotion and Education

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    Attitude and Willingness of Infertile Persons Towards the uptake of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Ibadan, Nigeria.
    (Annals of Ibadan Postgraduate Medicine, 2019) Akande, S. O.; Dipeolu, I. O.; Ajuwon, A. J
    Introduction: In most developing countries the joy of every married man and woman is to procreate and raise children of their own. However, this desire does not always find fulfilment among some couples because of primary or secondary infertility. The majority who experience this condition live in developing countries where fertility services including Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) are not always available. This study, therefore, investigated the attitude and willingness of infertile persons to uptake ARTs. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey; a three-stage multi-stage sampling technique was adopted to select 202 married persons receiving fertility services at a gynaecological clinic in Ibadan, Nigeria. A validated interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were analysed using SPSS with descriptive and inferential statistics with the level of the significant set at <0.05. Results: Respondents’ age was 34.3 years (SD ± 6.5); 88.6% were female; 55.5% had tertiary education; 54.5% reported a history of primary infertility. The negative attitude towards ARTs was observed among many of the respondents; however, some were willing to use ART services. In vitro fertilization (IVF) was the most preferred method; only 15.0% were optimistic of non-complications. The cost was the most mentioned barrier to use of ART. Positive association existed between attitude and willingness to use ART. Females are three times more likely than males to have a positive attitude toward the uptake of ART. Conclusion: Public enlightenment and advocacy are recommended to influence negative attitude towards ARTs.
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    Blueprint for health literacy: Population education, community health innovation
    (The College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2019) Oyewole, O. E.; Dipeolu, I. O.; Ajuwon, G. A.; Odetola, T. D
    Introduction: The WHO submits that improving peoples’ access to health information and enhancing their capacity to use it effectively are forms of health empowerment. Health literacy involves the acquisition of skills that are essential to effectively search for and obtain, process and interpret and use basic health information available. With the current national data on literacy rate in Nigeria, the future looks bleak for health literacy if appropriate and adequate measures are not put in place to address the problems. A functional health care system relies on efficient health literacy programme as the bedrock of health security. The goal of health literacy review is to establish the gaps and important roles of health literacy in the quest to enhancing health security. Methods: This was an exploratory study design, using an empirical study guide that was developed from the set objectives. Appropriate search engine tools including Google scholar and desk review of documents and journal articles were used as a source of information. Information harvested were analysed thematically based on the themes from the objectives. Findings: Factors influencing health literacy were identified and suggestions to address the observed gaps were highlighted. These include development and dissemination of health information that is accurate, accessible, and actionable, using all appropriate health promotion and education approaches. Increase in research funding, and evaluation of interventions are equally required. Conclusion: The review has revealed the health status will improve when health literacy is fostered. Statutorily, all aspect of health care needs to subscribe to the philosophy of health literacy.
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    Facilitating professional mobile learning communities with instant messaging
    (Elsevier, 2019) Pimmer, C.; Brühlmann, F.; Odetola, T. D.; Dipeolu, O.; Oluwasola, D. O.; Ajuwon, A. J
    Although Mobile Instant Messaging (MIM) is a massive communication phenomenon and its educational use can be seen as a genuine form of mobile learning, it has been studied to a limited extent to date. The present study examined the use of MIM to engage young professionals in mobile learning communities during their school-to-work transition. This transition is one of the most central but also challenging developmental phases marked by the experience of knowledge gaps and a lack of belonging. To assess knowledge and socio-professional learning effects associated with the use of MIM, this study adopted a quasi-experimental, survey-based approach with an intervention and control condition (n=114) in the setting of an international research project. In the intervention condition, newly graduated nurses from Nigeria participated in WhatsApp groups in which moderators shared knowledge and stimulated professional discussions over a period of 6 months. Data were collected via online surveys and knowledge tests. The findings show that participants in the moderated WhatsApp groups had significantly higher knowledge and exhibited fewer feelings of professional isolation compared with the control group, which was not subject of any treatment. The effects were even more pronounced when controlling for active contributions (writing vs reading messages), which also amounted to significantly higher levels of professional identification. In addition, across intervention and control groups, the self-reported general active use of WhatsApp (outside of the intervention) was positively associated with the measures of professional social capital maintained with school connections, professional identity, (lower) professional isolation, job satisfaction, and the perceived transfer of school knowledge to work practice. Whereas knowledge and socio-professional effects can be triggered through moderated WhatsApp interventions yet the general (and thus informal) use of WhatsApp is associated with socio-professional connectedness. The findings are of particular relevance in the developing context under investigation, which is marked by a lack of alternative support structures.
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    Theory-practice gap: The experience of Nigerian nursing students.
    (Unisa Press (University of South Africa Press), 2018) Odetola, T. D.; Oluwasola, O.; Pimmer, C.; Dipeolu, I. O.; Akande, S. O.; Olaleye, O. S.; Gröhbiel, U.; Ajuwon, A. J.
    The “disconnect” between the body of knowledge acquired in classroom settings and the application of this knowledge in clinical practice is one of the main reasons for professional fear, anxiety and feelings of incompetence among freshly graduated nurses. While the phenomenon of the theory-to-practice gap has been researched quite extensively in high income country settings much less is known about nursing students’ experiences in a developing country context. To rectify this shortcoming, the qualitative study investigated the experiences of nursing students in their attempt to apply what they learn in classrooms in clinical learning contexts in seven sites in Nigeria. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse data gained from eight focus group discussions (n = 80) with the students. The findings reveal a multifaceted theory-practice gap which plays out along four tensions: (1) procedural, i.e. the difference between practices from education institutions and the ones enacted in clinical wards – and contradictions that emerge even within one clinical setting; (2) political, i.e. conflicts that arise between students and clinical staff, especially personnel with a lower qualification profile than the degree that students pursue; (3) material, i.e. the disconnect between contemporary instruments and equipment available in schools and the lack thereof in clinical settings; and (4) temporal, i.e. restricted opportunities for supervised practice owing to time constraints in clinical settings in which education tends to be undervalued. Many of these aspects are linked to and aggravated by infrastructural limitations, which are typical for the setting of a developing country. Nursing students need to be prepared regarding how to deal with the identified procedural, political, material and temporal tensions before and while being immersed in clinical practice, and, in so doing, they need to be supported by educationally better qualified clinical staff.
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    Instant messaging and nursing students' clinical learning experience.
    (Elsevier, 2018) Pimmer, C.; Brühlmann, F.; Odetola, T. D.; Dipeolu, O.; Gröhbiel, U.; Ajuwon, A. J.
    Background: Although learning in clinical settings is a key element of nursing education, for many learners these are challenging developmental contexts often marked by isolation and a lack of belongingness. Despite the massive appropriation of mobile instant messaging (MIM) platforms and the connective properties attendant to them, very little is known about their role in and impact on nursing students' clinical learning experiences. Approach and Methods: To address this gap, the study, which was part of a multinational research project on the use of mobile social media in health professions education in developing countries, examined the use of the instant messaging platform WhatsApp by nursing students during placements and potential associations with socio-professional indicators. The survey involved a total number of 196 nursing students from 5 schools in Oyo State, Nigeria. Results: The findings suggest that students used WhatsApp relatively frequently and they perceived that this platform strongly enhanced their communication with other students and nurses. WhatsApp use during placements was positively associated with students' maintained social capital with peer students, the development of a professional identity, placement satisfaction and with reduced feelings of isolation from professional communities. The determinants that influenced WhatsApp use during placements were perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. No associations were found between WhatsApp use during placement and age, attitude, subjective norms and placement duration. Conclusion: This study is one of the first of its kind that points to the relevance of mobile instant messaging as part of nursing students' (inter)personal learning environments in clinical settings and, particularly, in the development setting under investigation. Further research is needed to corroborate these findings, to enhance the understanding of the impact mechanisms, and to evaluate a more systematic use of MIM in clinical learning contexts.
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    Influence of internet exposure on sexual behaviour of young persons in an urban District of Southwest Nigeria
    (AFENET, 2016) Arulogun, O. S.; Arinze, I.; Dipeolu, I. O.
    Introduction: The proportion of young people exposed to pornographic materials through the internet in Nigeria is increasing. However, the influence of the exposure on their sexual behaviour has not been fully explored. This study therefore explored the effects of internet exposure on the sexual behaviour of young persons in Ibadan North Local Government Area of southwest Nigeria. Methods: A survey of 413 young persons was done using a pretested self-administered questionnaire which included questions on internet exposure and its influence on behaviour. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Mean age of males was 21.7 ± 3.4 years while that of females was 20.9 ± 3.2 years. Forty-nine percent of the respondents used the internet for the first time between the ages of 15-19 years. Main source of information about the internet was friends (63.3%) and 99.3% accessed the internet from cybercafé. Seventy-two percent had ever stumbled on pornographic sites. Reactions included glancing through before closing (45.2%), closure of the sites (38.5%), and minimizing page to view later (12.5%). Post-exposure influence on behaviour included engagement in oral sex (48.3%), body tattoo (18.3%), having multiple sexual partners (11.6%) and homosexuality (5.0%). More males (95% CI OR =1.245-6.465) and frequent users (95% CI OR =1.168-3.497) were likely to report a change in sexual behaviour. Conclusion: Internet use was common among the young persons. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure to sexual content on internet targeting young persons especially the males and cybercafé operators are advocated.
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    Influence of internet exposure on sexual behaviour of young persons in an urban District of Southwest Nigeria
    (AFENET, 2016) Arulogun, O. S.; Arinze, I.; Dipeolu, I. O.
    Introduction: The proportion of young people exposed to pornographic materials through the internet in Nigeria is increasing. However, the influence of the exposure on their sexual behaviour has not been fully explored. This study therefore explored the effects of internet exposure on the sexual behaviour of young persons in Ibadan North Local Government Area of southwest Nigeria. Methods: A survey of 413 young persons was done using a pretested self-administered questionnaire which included questions on internet exposure and its influence on behaviour. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Mean age of males was 21.7 ± 3.4 years while that of females was 20.9 ± 3.2 years. Forty-nine percent of the respondents used the internet for the first time between the ages of 15-19 years. Main source of information about the internet was friends (63.3%) and 99.3% accessed the internet from cybercafé. Seventy-two percent had ever stumbled on pornographic sites. Reactions included glancing through before closing (45.2%), closure of the sites (38.5%), and minimizing page to view later (12.5%). Post-exposure influence on behaviour included engagement in oral sex (48.3%), body tattoo (18.3%), having multiple sexual partners (11.6%) and homosexuality (5.0%). More males (95% CI OR =1.245-6.465) and frequent users (95% CI OR =1.168-3.497) were likely to report a change in sexual behaviour. Conclusion: Internet use was common among the young persons. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure to sexual content on internet targeting young persons especially the males and cybercafé operators are advocated.
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    Knowledge and practices of nutritional care among day care staff in selected preschools in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria.
    (College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2016) Oyewole, O. E.; Dipeolu, I. O.; Muritala, M. A
    Background: Studies have established that growth of children usually falters during the preschool age when the child is usually left in the hands of other care givers; as parents go to work. Feeding of the preschool children is sometimes solely under the care of Day Care Staff (DCS) whose level of knowledge and practice of nutritional care is unknown. Knowledge and practices of nutritional care among DCS in selected preschools were investigated. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used and 400 DCS were randomly selected for interview. A validated questionnaire with 30-point knowledge scale was used to collect information from the target population and this was complemented with observational checklist to assess the level of practice of nutritional care and environmental hygiene. Data obtained were analysed using both univariate and bivariate analyses including Chi-square test at p=0.05 level of significance. Results: Most of the DCS were female (97.5%) and 47.5% specialised in child education. Few (28.8% and 25.0%) of the DCS had ever received training on child nutritional care during pre-service and in- service training, respectively. Only 20.0% of DCS had good knowledge of nutritional care, which reflected in the activities observed. Age was significantly associated with knowledge of preschool nutritional care. Conclusion: Knowledge of day care staff on nutritional care of preschool children was found to be poorer as the age of staff increases. This may also contribute to the poor practices observed. Training on nutritional care among day care staff, especially the older ones is suggested.
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    Delivery and utilisation of injectable contraceptive services in rural Nigeria: learning from the perspectives of patent medicine vendors and women of reproductive age
    (Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2016) Ajuwon, A. J.||Ajuwon, A. J.||Oshiname, F. O.||Imaledo, J.||Ajayi, O.||Dipeolu, I. O.; Oshiname, F. O.; Imaledo, J.; Ajayi, O.; Dipeolu, I. O.
    Patent Medicine Vendors (PMVs) are major providers of reproductive health services in Nigeria. Although several studies have explored the role of PMVs in the provision of contraceptive services in general, few have specifically assessed their contribution to the delivery of injectable contraceptive. Little information is also available on the experiences of Nigerian women who use injectable contraceptives provided by PMV in rural medically underserved communities. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in four rural Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Oyo State, Nigeria. Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews among all the 396 PMVs identified using the snow-balling approach. The PMVs were interviewed using a 52- item validated questionnaire that elicited information on their demographics, knowledge and delivery of injectable contraceptives. Face-to-face interviews, using a 35-item questionnaire were also conducted among 393 previous or current users of injectable contraceptives who were randomly selected from their households. Information collected from the women included personal characteristics, use of injectable contraceptives, and sources of supply. Majority of the PMVs were females (84.8%) and 29.3% had previously worked in a health facility. Almost all (94.6%) the PMVs were shop owners. Majority (89.1%) of the PMV were aware of injectable contraceptives and 39.0% had ever received any training on the provision of family planning services. Yet almost all (95.9%) reported providing at least some type of contraceptive services. About 13% of the PMVs had sold injectables. Besides selling injectable contraceptives, 14.9% of the PMVs reported administering injectables and 43.9% reported referring clients to a formal health facility for this contraceptive. Slightly over half (51.9%) of the women were in the 30-39-year age group. Depo-Provera was the most popular injectable used, accounting for 82.3% of previous use and 77.6% of current use. Among previous users, 68.9% had received services from a health facility, 19.6% from a PMV, and 11.5% from a community health worker. Current users obtained their services from PMVs (22.6%), health facilities (66.0%), and community health workers (11.4%). Although pharmacy laws in Nigeria do not permit PMVs to offer injectable contraceptives, PMVs reported sale and administration of injectable contraceptives in response to demand from clients. Interventions and policy actions are needed to ensure that PMVs are a safe contact for clients with family planning needs.
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    Socio-cultural context of developmental milestones in infancy in South West Nigeria: A qualitative study
    (The European Scientific Institute (ESI), 2015) Osamor, P. E.; Owumi, B; Dipeolu, I. O
    Developmental milestones are generally understood to be milestones of neurological development such as neck control, sitting without support, crawling and standing. Child health care providers routinely use normative data on such milestones to evaluate child development. However, there is often a cultural context to expectations of developmental milestones. The goal of this research is to explore the socio-cultural context of developmental milestones in infancy in a Nigerian community. In-depth interview was conducted with 30 mothers enrolled from an infant welfare clinic, southwest, Nigeria The transcripts were coded and analyzed using the Atlas ti 7.0 software package in a combination of thematic and narrative approaches. Mean age of participants was 33.3 (SD 5.1) years, 73% were married, 80% had two or more older children. Mothers expect that a child will be able to sit unaided, crawl and be able to stand by the age of one year. Opinion was divided about if it was possible to predict the age a child will attain a specific milestone. Most mothers reported that the age at which babies attain developmental milestones depends on childrearing practices utilized by the mother. Other factors they perceive as influencing developmental milestones include: having siblings, the age at which siblings and/or parents achieve similar milestones and the environment the child is reared in. Teething was considered an important milestone which has specific culture-bound connotations. Walking was considered one of the most significant milestones, not only indicating normal development but also signifying some independence for both mother and child. In this study of Nigerian mothers, developmental milestones in the first year of life have recognized influencing factors and a number of specific culture bound associated beliefs. This exploratory study provides insights into intersections between biomedical and cultural concepts of childhood development.