FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH
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Item Influence of internet exposure on sexual behaviour of young persons in an urban District of Southwest Nigeria(AFENET, 2016) Arulogun, O. S.; Arinze, I.; Dipeolu, I. O.Introduction: The proportion of young people exposed to pornographic materials through the internet in Nigeria is increasing. However, the influence of the exposure on their sexual behaviour has not been fully explored. This study therefore explored the effects of internet exposure on the sexual behaviour of young persons in Ibadan North Local Government Area of southwest Nigeria. Methods: A survey of 413 young persons was done using a pretested self-administered questionnaire which included questions on internet exposure and its influence on behaviour. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Mean age of males was 21.7 ± 3.4 years while that of females was 20.9 ± 3.2 years. Forty-nine percent of the respondents used the internet for the first time between the ages of 15-19 years. Main source of information about the internet was friends (63.3%) and 99.3% accessed the internet from cybercafé. Seventy-two percent had ever stumbled on pornographic sites. Reactions included glancing through before closing (45.2%), closure of the sites (38.5%), and minimizing page to view later (12.5%). Post-exposure influence on behaviour included engagement in oral sex (48.3%), body tattoo (18.3%), having multiple sexual partners (11.6%) and homosexuality (5.0%). More males (95% CI OR =1.245-6.465) and frequent users (95% CI OR =1.168-3.497) were likely to report a change in sexual behaviour. Conclusion: Internet use was common among the young persons. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure to sexual content on internet targeting young persons especially the males and cybercafé operators are advocated.Item Influence of internet exposure on sexual behaviour of young persons in an urban District of Southwest Nigeria(AFENET, 2016) Arulogun, O. S.; Arinze, I.; Dipeolu, I. O.Introduction: The proportion of young people exposed to pornographic materials through the internet in Nigeria is increasing. However, the influence of the exposure on their sexual behaviour has not been fully explored. This study therefore explored the effects of internet exposure on the sexual behaviour of young persons in Ibadan North Local Government Area of southwest Nigeria. Methods: A survey of 413 young persons was done using a pretested self-administered questionnaire which included questions on internet exposure and its influence on behaviour. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Mean age of males was 21.7 ± 3.4 years while that of females was 20.9 ± 3.2 years. Forty-nine percent of the respondents used the internet for the first time between the ages of 15-19 years. Main source of information about the internet was friends (63.3%) and 99.3% accessed the internet from cybercafé. Seventy-two percent had ever stumbled on pornographic sites. Reactions included glancing through before closing (45.2%), closure of the sites (38.5%), and minimizing page to view later (12.5%). Post-exposure influence on behaviour included engagement in oral sex (48.3%), body tattoo (18.3%), having multiple sexual partners (11.6%) and homosexuality (5.0%). More males (95% CI OR =1.245-6.465) and frequent users (95% CI OR =1.168-3.497) were likely to report a change in sexual behaviour. Conclusion: Internet use was common among the young persons. Interventions aimed at reducing exposure to sexual content on internet targeting young persons especially the males and cybercafé operators are advocated.Item Knowledge and practices of nutritional care among day care staff in selected preschools in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria.(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2016) Oyewole, O. E.; Dipeolu, I. O.; Muritala, M. ABackground: Studies have established that growth of children usually falters during the preschool age when the child is usually left in the hands of other care givers; as parents go to work. Feeding of the preschool children is sometimes solely under the care of Day Care Staff (DCS) whose level of knowledge and practice of nutritional care is unknown. Knowledge and practices of nutritional care among DCS in selected preschools were investigated. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used and 400 DCS were randomly selected for interview. A validated questionnaire with 30-point knowledge scale was used to collect information from the target population and this was complemented with observational checklist to assess the level of practice of nutritional care and environmental hygiene. Data obtained were analysed using both univariate and bivariate analyses including Chi-square test at p=0.05 level of significance. Results: Most of the DCS were female (97.5%) and 47.5% specialised in child education. Few (28.8% and 25.0%) of the DCS had ever received training on child nutritional care during pre-service and in- service training, respectively. Only 20.0% of DCS had good knowledge of nutritional care, which reflected in the activities observed. Age was significantly associated with knowledge of preschool nutritional care. Conclusion: Knowledge of day care staff on nutritional care of preschool children was found to be poorer as the age of staff increases. This may also contribute to the poor practices observed. Training on nutritional care among day care staff, especially the older ones is suggested.Item Delivery and utilisation of injectable contraceptive services in rural Nigeria: learning from the perspectives of patent medicine vendors and women of reproductive age(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2016) Ajuwon, A. J.||Ajuwon, A. J.||Oshiname, F. O.||Imaledo, J.||Ajayi, O.||Dipeolu, I. O.; Oshiname, F. O.; Imaledo, J.; Ajayi, O.; Dipeolu, I. O.Patent Medicine Vendors (PMVs) are major providers of reproductive health services in Nigeria. Although several studies have explored the role of PMVs in the provision of contraceptive services in general, few have specifically assessed their contribution to the delivery of injectable contraceptive. Little information is also available on the experiences of Nigerian women who use injectable contraceptives provided by PMV in rural medically underserved communities. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in four rural Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Oyo State, Nigeria. Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews among all the 396 PMVs identified using the snow-balling approach. The PMVs were interviewed using a 52- item validated questionnaire that elicited information on their demographics, knowledge and delivery of injectable contraceptives. Face-to-face interviews, using a 35-item questionnaire were also conducted among 393 previous or current users of injectable contraceptives who were randomly selected from their households. Information collected from the women included personal characteristics, use of injectable contraceptives, and sources of supply. Majority of the PMVs were females (84.8%) and 29.3% had previously worked in a health facility. Almost all (94.6%) the PMVs were shop owners. Majority (89.1%) of the PMV were aware of injectable contraceptives and 39.0% had ever received any training on the provision of family planning services. Yet almost all (95.9%) reported providing at least some type of contraceptive services. About 13% of the PMVs had sold injectables. Besides selling injectable contraceptives, 14.9% of the PMVs reported administering injectables and 43.9% reported referring clients to a formal health facility for this contraceptive. Slightly over half (51.9%) of the women were in the 30-39-year age group. Depo-Provera was the most popular injectable used, accounting for 82.3% of previous use and 77.6% of current use. Among previous users, 68.9% had received services from a health facility, 19.6% from a PMV, and 11.5% from a community health worker. Current users obtained their services from PMVs (22.6%), health facilities (66.0%), and community health workers (11.4%). Although pharmacy laws in Nigeria do not permit PMVs to offer injectable contraceptives, PMVs reported sale and administration of injectable contraceptives in response to demand from clients. Interventions and policy actions are needed to ensure that PMVs are a safe contact for clients with family planning needs.Item Socio-cultural context of developmental milestones in infancy in South West Nigeria: A qualitative study(The European Scientific Institute (ESI), 2015) Osamor, P. E.; Owumi, B; Dipeolu, I. ODevelopmental milestones are generally understood to be milestones of neurological development such as neck control, sitting without support, crawling and standing. Child health care providers routinely use normative data on such milestones to evaluate child development. However, there is often a cultural context to expectations of developmental milestones. The goal of this research is to explore the socio-cultural context of developmental milestones in infancy in a Nigerian community. In-depth interview was conducted with 30 mothers enrolled from an infant welfare clinic, southwest, Nigeria The transcripts were coded and analyzed using the Atlas ti 7.0 software package in a combination of thematic and narrative approaches. Mean age of participants was 33.3 (SD 5.1) years, 73% were married, 80% had two or more older children. Mothers expect that a child will be able to sit unaided, crawl and be able to stand by the age of one year. Opinion was divided about if it was possible to predict the age a child will attain a specific milestone. Most mothers reported that the age at which babies attain developmental milestones depends on childrearing practices utilized by the mother. Other factors they perceive as influencing developmental milestones include: having siblings, the age at which siblings and/or parents achieve similar milestones and the environment the child is reared in. Teething was considered an important milestone which has specific culture-bound connotations. Walking was considered one of the most significant milestones, not only indicating normal development but also signifying some independence for both mother and child. In this study of Nigerian mothers, developmental milestones in the first year of life have recognized influencing factors and a number of specific culture bound associated beliefs. This exploratory study provides insights into intersections between biomedical and cultural concepts of childhood development.Item Knowledge and use of oral rehydration therapy among mothers of under-five children in a military barrack in Ibadan, Nigeria(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2015) Agbolade, M. O.; Dipeolu, I. O.; Ajuwon, A. J.This study was designed to assess the knowledge of diarrhoea and ORT and identify diarrhoea management practices involving use of SSS among mothers of under-five children in a Military Cantonment, Akinyele Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. A two-stage random sampling technique was used to select 403 mothers of under-five children in the Military Cantonment. A validated semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire included 20-point diarrhoea knowledge and 16-point ORT/SSS knowledge scales. Diarrhoea knowledge scores of 0-8, >8-13 and >13-18 were rated as poor, fair and good while the ORT/SSS knowledge scores of 0-5, >5-10 and >10-16 were considered poor, fair and good, respectively. The age of respondents was 29.8±5.5 years. Their main occupations are petty-trading (43.0%), full-time “housewives” (35.7%) and artisanship (12.9%). Most respondents (98.0%) were aware of ORT, 95.0% correctly stated the composition of SSS and 43.9% were able to state the correct proportions of sugar, salt, and water in SSS. Respondents’ sources of information about ORT included health personnel (78.7%), relatives (11.4%) and television (6.0%). The listed causes of diarrhoea included teething (51.7%) and dirty environment (29.0%). Diarrhoea was perceived by 46.0% to be a serious health condition. Respondents with good, fair and poor knowledge of diarrhoea were 26.8%, 60.8% and 12.4% respectively. Majority (79.9%) of respondents reported that their child (ren) had diarrhoea within the three months preceding the study and the home treatment given included use of ORT (49.5%); others gave orthodox (22.6%) and native medicine (3.7%). Seventy per cent of respondents stated that they could prepare SSS, but 72.7% preferred taking children with diarrhoea to the hospital instead of using SSS. Forty-nine per cent of the respondents were of the view that cleanliness of the environment was one of the preventive measures against childhood diarrhoea. No significant association was found between mothers’ knowledge of diarrhoea and the use of oral rehydration therapy (p=0.243). However, mothers’ parity significantly influenced management of diarrhoea positively (p=0.003). Knowledge about diarrhoea diseases and oral rehydration therapy was high among respondents, but their use of oral rehydration was low. Training, public enlightenment and social marketing strategies are needed to promote the use of oral rehydration therapy among mothers of under-five children in military cantonment.Item HIV and AIDS in Workplace: The role of behaviour antecedents on behavioural intentions.(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2014) Dipeolu I. O.Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV and AIDS) constitutes one of the major challenges to development worldwide. Actions taken by employers of labour against staff or applicants living with HIV have great impacts on the labour force and in the fight to mitigate the impact of the disease condition. In Nigeria, there's a paucity of documented work about employers of labour's behavioural intentions when they are faced with staff/applicant living with the virus. This study explored the behavioural antecedents and intentions of employers of labour in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey in design. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 400 study respondents (38 public and 362 private sectors) for the interviews. The instrument for data collection was a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. The attitude was categorised as negative (score 54) and positive (score 55). Data were analysed and presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: There were more males (68.2%) respondents than females (31.8%). A large majority, 79.0%, in the public sector (PuS) and 72.9% in the private sector (PrS) knew that an infected healthy-looking person could harbor and transmit HIV to others. A majority, 80.0%, of which 2.3% with no formal education, 1.0% primary education, 13.5% high school education, 41.5% bachelor, 21.0% postgraduate and 0.8% with other qualifications were of the view that workers infected with HIV should not be sacked. Slightly less than half (48.0%) would keep their staffs HIV status secret while more than half, 57.0%, would not recruit a PLWHA. More PrS respondents (47.8%) claimed to have ever organised HIV/AIDS-related educational programmes for staff than PuS (42.1 %) (p<0.05). Almost equal respondents (PuS 36.8%) and (PrS 36.2%) would require a mandatory test for HIV before employment. Only 1.8% (PuS) and 6% (PrS) reported that their organisations had a workplace HIV and AIDS policy (p<0.05). Conclusions: Although the respondents would tolerate staff with HIV/AIDS, their attitudinal disposition are indicative of limited knowledge about the mode of transmission and prevention of HIV including workplace policy on HIV and AIDS. Health education strategies such as training and workplace HIV/AIDS education are needed to address these shortcomings.Item Knowledge and perception of employers of labour in Ibadan North Local Government Area about staff and applicants living with HIV and AIDS(Lawarence Press, India, 2011) Oshiname, F. O.; Dipeolu, I. O.Abstract: The epidemic of HIV and AIDS is a major challenge to development. It reduces the productivity of Persons Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) in the labourforce and imposes a huge socio-economic burden on employers of labour. In Nigeria, little is known about employers of labour’s perceptions and practices relating to HIV and AIDS. The study was cross-sectional in design. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 400 study respondents in the public (38) and private (362) sectors for interview. The instrument for data collection was a pre-tested semi–structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the chisquare test. There were more males (68.2%) than females (31.8%) among the respondents. A majority, (79.0%), of the respondents in the public sector (PuS) and 72.9% in the private sector (PrS) knew that an infected healthy looking person could harbour and transmit HIV to others. Overall, deep kissing (89.8%) topped the list of perceived mode of transmission of HIV; blood transfusion was mentioned by 46.3% of the respondents while unprotected sex (30.4%) was the least mentioned. The listed ways of preventing HIV were: use of condom (85.9%); avoiding deep kissing (71.3%); keeping one uninfected sexual partner (21.2%); and sexual abstinence (15.4%). Avoidance of unscreened blood transfusion (6.2%) was the least mentioned means of transmitting HIV. The perception of 77.0% of the entire respondents was that HIV and AIDS do not reduce workers’ productivity. A majority, (80.0%), of which 2.3% with no formal education, 1.0% primary education, 13.5% secondary education, 41.5% HND/B.Sc, 21.0% postgraduate and 0.8% with other qualifications were of the view that workers infected with HIV and AIDS should not be sacked. Although the respondents would tolerate staff with HIV and AIDS, their perceptions are indicative of limited knowledge about the mode of transmission and prevention of HIV.Item Perception and opinions of college students towards HIV/AIDS and its prevention strategies.(Association of Applied Psychology and Human Performance, Ghana, 2006) Abiola, D. O.; Ogundipe, I. OThe study examined the perception and opinions of college students about HIV/AIDS and its prevention strategies. One hundred and sixty subjects were selectedfrom the five schools in the college. A 15 item questionnaire that measured the perception and opinions of college students about HIV/ AIDS and its prevention strategies was administered to each of the subjects. The data obtained was analyzed using T-test at 0.05 level of significance. The findings showed that there was no gender difference in terms of their knowledge and opinion on HIV/AIDS. Also there was no significant difference between Christian and Muslim college students; the null hypothesis is therefore accepted. The third result shows that there was no gender difference in terms of their knowledge on HIV/AIDS prevention strategies. The last result shows that there was no difference between Christian and Muslim college students in their knowledge on HIV/AIDS prevention strategies. The implications of the findings were mentioned.Item New approaches for improved service delivery in rural settings.(IntechOpen, 2022) Dipeolu I. O.The health status of the people in rural areas is faced with challenges primarily due to availability, acceptability, financial accessibility to healthcare services. These include traditional and cultural beliefs, behavioural norms that explain community viewpoints of social roles and various community members’ functions. Rural and remote areas are medically underserved, access to healthcare services is difficult sometimes. Distance covered to access the nearest available health facility by some rural dwellers is discouraging. Thus, moving critically ill or injured persons is hampered because of long-distance or poor transportation means. In the end, many prefer to use traditional medicine than travel that long distance for medical treatment. Recently, healthcare delivery systems have focused on innovative approaches to improve health outcomes, control costs,and foster achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One of these innovations is mHealth (Short Messaging Service) [SMS] texts, which have peculiar attributes, making it particularly suitable for health care in rural and hard-to-reach areas in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Moreover, text-messaging interventions are uniquely suited for underserved populations. This chapter highlights some interventions on the uses and benefits of SMS text applications in healthcare service delivery.