Scholarly works in Pathology (Vet Medicine)

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Splenic lymphoma in an adult local bitch: a case report
(2002) Oni, S. O.; Akinrinmade, J. F.; Ajadi, R. A.; Eyarefe, O. D.; Olaifa, A. K.
A four-year old local dog weighing 12kg was presented four days after signs of persistent anorexia and dullness were observed. Physical examination of the bitch revealed a circumscribed distension of the left lateral abdomen about 5cm caudal to the rib cage, which on palpation appeared firm, discrete and nodular but painless. X-rays views confirmed that the mass was intrasplenic and had a fat density. Blood and urine samples were analysed, the result of which showed proteinuria, bilirubinuria and neutrophilic leucocyosis. Exploratory laparotomy and spleenectomy were carried out. The extirpated spleen had pendunculated projection. The biopsy of the spleen revealed that the tumour is a lymphoma
A comparison of the effect of chlorhexidine,tap water and normal saline on healing wounds
(Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía, Temuco, Chile, 2006) Salami, A. A.; Imosemi, I. O.; Owoeye, O. O.
Many researchers have advocated in recent times that antiseptic use in healing wounds should be discouraged. Antiseptics have been found to retard healing of wounds. Innocuous solutions like normal saline and tap water are being considered as better alternatives to antiseptics. Chlorhexidine, a commonly used antiseptic, is known to be less toxic on granulation cells. We decided to compare the effect of chlorhexidine, normal saline and tap water on healing wounds. Three groups of wistar rats had 2 by 2cm full thickness wounds made on their right dorsolateral flanks. The wounds were dressed with either chlorhexidine, normal saline or tap water. Wounds were examined at three-day intervals and measurements of area covered were taken on the first day of study and the ninth day. Wound contraction on the ninth day and number of days for healing to take place in the different groups was taken and statistical analysis using student t-test was done to compare the values. Gross morphology of the wounds was also observed. The result showed an inhibitory effect of chlorhexidine on healing wounds. The wound contraction in the antiseptic group was less than the tap water and saline group on day nine. The average number of days for wound healing to be completed in the antiseptic group was more than the other two. These results were statistically significant when compared with the other two groups. There was no statistical difference in the wound contraction values and rate of healing of the saline and tap water dressed wounds. Grossly, all the wounds dressed with antiseptic also had greenish exudates on their surface by day nine with pale looking granulation tissue, and there was greater mortality in this group.
Small bowel responses to enteral honey and glutamine administration following massive small bowel resection in rabbit
(2008) Evarefe, O.D.; Emikpe, B.O.; Arowolo, R. O. A.
The trophic effects of honey and glutamine in the healing and adaptation of the small bowel following intestinal resection were studied in some Nigerian non-descript breeds of rabbits. Nine rabbits of mixed sexes with mean body weight of 1.45 ±0.55kg were used. They were randomised into three treatment groups following 50% small bowel resection. Group A rabbits were placed on oral honey treatment. Group B on oral glutamine and group C on normal saline (control). All groups exhibited signs of small bowel adaptation (glutamine(B) honey (A) control (C) at the end of the experiment (4 weeks) with oral glutamine showing the best overall effects on intestinal mucosal growth and adaptation evidenced by significant increase (P<0.05) in residual bow'el length (37.3%), villi width (20.0%), crypt depth (113.3%) and a non significant increase in villus height (33.3%) and cellular mass (10.2%). Honey showed a better effect than control with a significant increase (P<0.05) in villi width (18.2%), crypts depth (66.7%) and cellular mass (33.9%) and a non significant increase in gross residual bow'el length (24.6%), and villus height (30.5%). Our result shows that honey and glutamine have trophic effects on bowel mucosa healing and hyperplasia and have potential therapeutic effects on massive bowel resection in humans
Radiation nephritis: anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone in adult wistar rats (rattus norvegicus)
(Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía, Temuco, Chile, 2008) Owoeye, O.; Malomo, A. O.; Elumelu, T. N.; Salami, A. A.; Osuagwu, F. C.; Akinlolu, A. A.; Adenipekun, A.; Shokunbi, M. T.
"The anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone on the irradiated kidneys of adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) was studied. Eighteen adult Wistar rats were, after acclimatization, randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 animals per group. The control group had normal saline, receiving neither drugs nor radiation. The second group received normal saline and radiation. The third group received pretreatment with dexamethasone at 1mg/kg body weight/day for 2 days followed by radiation. Radiation was delivered to the animals as a single fraction of 2.5 Gy of gamma rays from Cobalt-60 source, using an AECL Theatron 780-C Teletherapy machine. After exposure to the different interventions, the animals were sacrificed on the 14th post-irradiation day and the kidneys dissected out from each animal. The renal tissues were subjected to histological processing, and then studied using an eyepiece objective ruler calibrated with a 2mm stage micrometer for histomorphometric studies. The result of the study showed that all irradiated animals suffered weight loss by the 14th day post-irradiation (p<0.05) irrespective of the additional treatment with dexamethasone and this was statistically significant. Histomorphometry showed that the maximum width of the glomerular capsule was significantly greater in the radiation groups than in the control at p<0.05. The maximal glomerular diameter was significantly greater in irradiated animals compared with the control animals at p<0.05. The outcome of this study showed that the intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone at 1mg/kg body weight/day for 2 days prior to treatment with irradiation did not prevent weight loss nor ameliorate the swelling of the nephrons resulting from the effect of radiation injury to the Wistar rat."
Effects of tahitian noni juice on ketamine anaesthesia in some local rabbits
(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010) Bayo, N.O.; Eyarefe, O.D.; Arowolo, R.O.A.
Tahitian Noni Juices (TNJ) from Morinda citrifolia is known with some therapeutic properties that include; anxiety and stress relief, production of calm and relax state, improvement of mood and sense of well being, and sleep restoration. This study attempt to evaluate TNJ effects in some ketamine sedated local rabbits. Six adult rabbits (1.5-1.7 kg) were given intramuscular injection of 5% ketamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg), following which the quality of sedation w as evaluated using: muscle relaxation/rigidity, presence or loss of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature as control values. TNJ was administered orally at 2 mL/kg twice daily for 28 days during which period ketamine injection was repeated at 7 days interval. Presence of muscle relaxation or rigidity, presence or absence of pain sensation, quality of amnesia as well as heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature were evaluated. Duration of sleep before and after noni administration was 40.7±9.6 and 46.8±13.7 min, respectively. There was improved quality of amnesia and behavioral responses. Rough induction and recovery gave way to smooth induction and recovery, and spontaneous movement during anesthesia was minimized. Salivation w as abolished in all except one rabbit. Mean basal heart rate before and after administration of noni were 204.8±48.4 and 264.4±35.6 beats per min, respectively. Basal respiratory rate also increased from 192±46.3 to 317.6±66.4 breaths per min. TNJ produced appreciable level of calmness, muscle relaxation, and loss of anxiety, and could be useful for premedication prior to aneasthesia
Small bowel wall response to enterotomy closure with polypropylene and polyglactin 910 using simple interrupted suture pattern in rats
(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2010-07) Eyarefe, O.D.; Amid, S.A.
Effects of polypropylene and polyglactin 910 on enterotomy wound healing were investigated. Sixteen adult W istar albino rats (155.44±30.4 g) w ere randomized into two study groups, A with polypropylene (n = 8) and B with polyglactin 910 (n = 8) following 1 cm mid-jejunal enterotomy incisions performed under ketamine/xylazine anaesthesia. Body weights changes were evaluated daily for eleven days and two rats from each group were euthanized at postoperative days 3, 5, 7 and 11. Following euthanasia, the enterotomy sites were examined for dehiscence and adhesion. Evidence of inflammatory reactions and fibroblast proliferation were also evaluated and scored. Leaks from enterotomy site were not observed. Adhesion scores in-group A(3.5) was statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared with group B (1.875). A non-statistically significant (p>0.05) but higher fibroblasts count was recorded in Group A (2.625) compared with group B (1.375). Inflammatory responses in both groups were not statistically significant, although that of Group B was higher in response than group A. Enterotomy closure with polypropylene produced significant adhesion that may be linked with the texture of the suture, and the several knots characteristic of the simple interrupted suture pattern
The incidence of intestinal obstructive diseases in selected veterinary clinics and hospitals in South Western Nigeria
(2011) Eyarefe, O.D.; Alonge, T.O.; Fayemi, E.O.
Intestinal obstructive diseases are medical and surgical emergencies which require precise diagnosis and rapid surgical intervention. They are characterized by severe hypovolemia and septic shock secondary to devitalization of the intestinal wall. The consequent surgical complications such as ileus, adhesions and short bowel syndrome with resultant death of the patients also pose management challenges to the clinician. This study investigated the incidence of intestinal obstructive diseases in some animals presented at selected Veterinary Hospitals and Clinics in southwestern Nigeria between 1998 and 2008. Records of surgical cases were grouped into 11 categories and further grouping of intestinal obstructive conditions in small and large animals were presented using descriptive statistics. Intestinal obstructive conditions ranked 8th among the 11 categorized surgical conditions, and 7.0 % of the surgical cases which were presented between 1998 and 2008. Most of the intestinal conditions such as intussusception, volvulus and torsion were strangulating obstructive conditions and occurred more in small than large animals. Hernia ranked highest among the surgical conditions, followed by intussusception, volvulus and rectal prolapse in that order. The intestinal conditions were more prevalent in post mortem records and in small animals than in large animals. The findings in this study showed that intestinal surgical conditions are not uncommon in Veterinary hospital and clinics in the study area. It further showed that the management of intestinal surgical conditions is still a major challenge in some Veterinary hospital and clinics in Nigeria
Morbidity in Nigerian local cats after ileocolic valve or ileocolic valve and ileal resection
(2011) Eyarefe, O. D.; Akinrinmade, J. F; Wojuoia, O. A.
The morbidity of excision of the ileocolic valve (Group A), and the ileocolic valve with thirty percent (30%) distal ileal segments (Group B) were evaluated and compared in six adult local cats anaesthesized with xylazine (0.4 mg/kg) and ketamine hydrochloride (22 mg/kg). A non-significant fall (P>0.05) in the haemogram (PCV, Hb, RBC, and WBC), total serum proteins (albumin and globulin) and body weights were recorded among cats in groups A and B, following six weeks of post-operative monitoring. Samples of feces from both groups were non-bloody, non-mucoid and have normal to soft consistency with evidence of improvement over time. The improvement in fecal consistency, body weight and haematological picture over the period of post-operative management was adjudged to be consistent with adaptive changes in the residual intestinal segments. The observed clinical features are discussed in relation with those of massive intestinal resection in cats, dogs and humans. It was concluded that ileocolic valve resection produced little or no detrimental effects on bowel functions of local cats, and local cats could tolerate ileocolic valve with thirty percent (30%) distal ileal resection provided the proximal intestinal segments are intact
Rectal prolapse in an emu (dromaius novaehollandiae): a case report
(2011) Akinrinmade, J.F; Eyarefe, O.D.
Rectal prolapsed is the protrusion of all layers of the rectum through the anal orifice as an elongated cylindrical mass (Aronson 2003). It usually occurs in patients secondary to tenesmus from urogenital or anorectal disease. It has been reported in small animals with no record of breed or sex predisposition, although an observation of a higher incidence in younger animals has been made (Burrows and Ellison, 1991). In small animals the condition is associated with gastrointestinal parasitism, typhlitis, colitis, proctitis, tumors, rectal foreign bodies, and urolithiasis (Burrows and Ellison, 1990; Aronson 2003). In birds, especially emus and ostriches, the condition has been associated with cryptosporidiosis (Bezuidenhout et al., 1993; Penrith and Burger, 1993; Penrith et al., 1994; Behzadi et al., 2009), Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans induced enteritis (Saez et al., 1979, Huchzermeyer, 1999) and immunosuppression due to the quality of feed, water and hygiene (Behzadi et al., 2009). Cloacal prolapse has also been linked with impaction due to poor nutrition or eating habits of the ratites (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Impaction is one of the most common problems seen in ratites, especially in farmed ostrich (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Impactions may occur at any age, but are most common in 3 to 6 months juveniles (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Birds with partial impaction may present with a chronic history of lethargy, anorexia with evidence of weight loss, with pelletized feces, and at presentation are weak with persistent tenesmus leading to cloacal prolapse (Gulbahar et al., 2000). Ostrich and emu farming are still relatively new in Nigeria. Farmers keep ratio of two to twelve young or adult ostriches and emus in farms. This paper reports a case of rectal prolapse in a young emu which to the authors' knowledge is the first in this environment
THE INFLUENCE OF GRADED DIETARY ENERGY ON DYNAMICS OF Trypanosoma congolense INFECTION IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS
(2011) Ibrahim L, A. K.
Malnutrition increases goats’ susceptibility to diseases thereby hindering their profitable production. Low calorie diet and infection have impact on health and survival of livestock. The influence of Graded Dietary Energy (GDE) on dynamics of Trypanosoma congolense (Tc) infection in goats is not fully elucidated. The influence of GDE levels on Tc infection in West African Dwarf (WAD) goats was therefore investigated. A preliminary survey for trypanosomes involving 675 goats was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in Ogbomoso, Oyo State using standard techniques. Fifty four goats were randomly divided into three dietary groups A, B and C of 18 animals each and fed with 2426.7 or 2548.6 or 2670.4 kcal/kg isonitrogenous diet. After four weeks on the respective diet, 1.0 x 106/ml of Tc were administered intraperitoneally to 14 goats from each group AI, BI and CI , while four goats from each group served as non-infected controls AC, BC and CC. The animals were monitored for body weight changes post-infection, and after treatment with diminazene aceturate on week 5. Blood and serum samples collected weekly for 10 weeks, were assessed for changes in parasitaemia, haematology, serum biochemistry, complement levels and lymphocyte proliferation using standard methods. Data from the survey were analysed using descriptive statistics and Students’t-test, experimental data by ANOVA while parasite counts were correlated with haematology, serum biochemistry, and complement levels at p < 0.05. Dry season prevalence rate (4.5%) was significantly higher than that of rainy season (2.3%).While mean parasite count of group AI at weeks 3-5 was significantly higher than those of BI and CI, growth was retarded significantly in AI than BI and CI. Post-treatment growth acceleration was significantly higher in CI than BI and AI from weeks 7-10 but, CC grew at a significantly higher rate than BC and AC throughout the experimental period. Mean erythrocytic values fell with highest decline in AI than BI and CI from weeks 3-5 with normocytic normochromic anaemia. Mean serum Na+ , Ca2+, PO42- , globulin and transaminases increased from weeks 2-5 while mean serum K+, HCO3-, total protein, albumin, complement C3, total and alternative haemolytic complement levels decreased, being significant only in group AI. In all infected groups increased parasitaemia correlated negatively with erythrocytic values, serum K+, HCO3-, total and alternative haemolytic complement levels and positively with serum Na+, PO42-, total protein, globulin and transaminases. Mean lymphocyte count per minute within stimulated infected groups from weeks 1-5 were significantly increased in the order of CI > BI > AI, while unstimulated control cells maintained uniform response over a 72–hour period. Following treatment with berenil®, mean erythrocytic values and other parameters returned to pre-infective values by week 10, but earliest in group CI at Week 8. The prevalence of caprine trypanosomosis was higher in dry than rainy season. Increased dietary energy intake in goats increased their tolerance to Tc infection. It is recommended that dietary energy along with other nutrients be adequately provided for goats to reduce clinical effects of trypanosomosis.
Ano-rectal malformations in pigs: a report of a striking case in an eight-week-old piglet (a case report)
(2011) Eyarefe, O. D.; Abiola, J. O.; Oguntoye, C. O.; Ayoade, G. O.
Anorectal malformations are rare congenital disorders in animals. In swine, atresia ani occurs with an incidence of 0.1—1.0 % and it is the most important cause of intestinal obstruction in that species. This paper reports a striking case of atresia ani et recti in an eightweek- old piglet. The surgical management and preventive measures are discussed
PREVALENCE OF OXYTETRACYCLINE RESIDUE AND RESISTANT ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 IN BEEF AND CHICKEN IN SELECTED CITIES OF SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA
(2011-08) OLATOYE, ISAAC OLUFEMI,
The use of antibiotics in livestock production is of food safety concern due to hazards of their residues and transfer of resistant bacteria along the food chain. There are few reported quantitative assessment of meat-borne antibiotic residues and resistant pathogens in southwestern Nigeria. Antibiotics usage in food animal production, antimicrobial residues screening, prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and levels of oxytetracycline residue in chicken and beef from Lagos, Ibadan and Akure were investigated. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 30 poultry and 20 cattle producers purposively selected from the study areas to obtain data on types and sources of antibiotics used, knowledge of disease recognition and practice of withdrawal periods in food animals. Two hundred and fifty samples each of kidney, liver and muscles of slaughtered cattle from one abattoir and 200 samples each of breast muscle and liver from chicken markets and broiler farms in each study area were collected between January 2006 and December 2009. The samples were screened for antimicrobial residues using rapid microbial inhibition assay. Oxytetracycline residue levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was isolated and screened by culture and latex agglutination respectively. Antibiotics susceptibility of the isolates was performed using multi-disc diffusion method. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p<0.05. The residue levels were compared with Codex Alimentarius Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and residue prevalence in beef during the wet and dry seasons were also compared. All the respondents administered antibiotics without veterinary prescription, with oxytetracycline being the most commonly used. Most (95.0%) of the producers never observed withdrawal periods and 75% of them did not know the importance of withdrawal i periods and hazards of antibiotic residues. Antibiotic residues prevalence in beef was 48.5%, 44.5% and 44.5% in Ibadan, Lagos and Akure respectively. In chicken, prevalence of 76.0% and 69.5% were obtained in Ibadan markets and farms compared to 70.0% and 61.0% in Lagos markets and farms respectively. Mean oxytetracycline residue concentrations of 1324.7±148.0, 856.6±118.0 and 651.7±101.3µg/kg were obtained in bovine kidney, liver and beef respectively with 37.8, 40.3 and 47.5% of these samples containing residues above MRLs. The levels in chicken liver and muscle were 1042.0±122.8 and 615.0±91.8µg/kg respectively of which 50.7% and 58.8% contained residues above MRLs. The prevalence of antimicrobial residue was significantly higher in chicken than in beef and during wet than dry season in beef. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in beef from Ibadan and Lagos were 28.5% and 11.0%, while those of chicken from Ibadan and Lagos markets were 13.0% and 14.0%, and from Ibadan and Lagos farms were 18.0% and 13.0% respectively. All the isolates were resistant to one or multiple antibiotics, but the highest resistance of 91.1% was to tetracycline. Indiscriminate antibiotics usage predisposes meat consumers to risks of antibiotic residues and resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 in southwestern Nigeria. Regulatory control of antibiotics usage in livestock production, meat inspection and pharmaco-epidemiological surveillance of food animals is hereby recommended to ensure safe meat supply.
QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT OF OXYTETRACYCLINE AND TETRACYCLINE RESIDUES IN SLAUGHTERED CATTLE FROM THREE ABATTOIRS IN NIGERIA
(2011-08) ADEGBOYE, A.O.
Tetracylines are among the most commonly available range of broad spectrum antibiotics that are abused and misused in livestock production. Although there are available records on veterinary drug residues; however because of the accessibility of oxytetracycline and tetracycline antibiotics and consequent abuses, there is need for further information on dietary exposure and assessment of risk inherent in ingestion of their residues in treated cattle. Therefore, the concentrations and probability of occurrence of tetracyclines residues in slaughtered cattle meat were assessed. Four hundred and fifty (450) cattle tissues samples comprising of muscle (50), liver (50) and kidney (50) were randomly collected from three selected major abattoirs (>200 cattle slaughtered/day): Government Abattoir, Agege, Lagos (GAAL), Government Motor-Park Abattoir, Enugu (GMAE) and Tudun-Wada Abattoir (TWAK), Kaduna. Concentrations of oxytetracycline and tetracycline (μg/kg) in the tissues were determined using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry. Dietary exposures (μg/kg-bw) to residues of oxytetracycline and tetracycline were assessed using standard deterministic method. The likelihood of exposure to oxytetracycline and tetracycline residues was simulated using Monte Carlo technique to quantitatively assess risk levels. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance using JMP (2010) software (p=0.05) and thereafter compared with Codex Maximum Residue Limits (MRL). Tetracyclines residues were detected in 63.22% of tested samples. There was no significant difference in total residue concentration (μg/kg) of oxytetracycline between kidney (79.202) and liver (64.897) but there is a difference, when both are compared with muscle (30.033). Considering tetracycline there were no significant differences in all the three tissues: kidney (39.517), liver (17.024) and muscle (6.872). The oxytetracycline (μg/kg) concentration was significantly higher in GAAL (80.217) than TWAK (56.688) and GMAE (37.228). While contrary was the case in tetracycline concentration, where no significant differences were observed in GAAL (40.718) > TWAK (13.069) and GMAE (9.626). This indicates that both in tissues and from locations, residues of oxytetracyline are consistently higher than residues of tetracycline. Also, the oxytetracycline concentration (μg/kg) in cattle tissues was highest in liver (109.094) than in both kidney (91.594) and muscle (39.963) in GAAL. However, in TWAK and GMAE it was in the order of kidney (96.901) > liver (39.389) > muscle (33.774) and kidney (91.594) > liver (46.209) > muscle (16.364), respectively. While there were no significant differences between all locations’ kidney samples and muscle samples for oxytetracycline residues except for liver samples; it was converse for tetracycline concentrations (μg/kg) in cattle tissues from all the locations because there were no significant differences in the residues concentration for all the tissues. The observed residues for both oxytetracycline (59.72ug/kg) and tetracycline (28.23ug/kg) were below the Codex MRLs. Dietary exposures (μg/kg-bw) to oxytetracycline and tetracycline in slaughtered cattle were 0.0284ug/kg bw and 0.0134ug/kg bw respectively. The probability of 1 undetected tetracycline residue-containing beef is 0.0232 Residue concentrations of oxytetracycline and tetracycline in slaughtered cattle from abattoirs in Nigeria were within acceptable safe limits and portend low exposure risk to public health
A randomized trial of low-dose ketamine and lignocaine infiltration for laparo-caecectomy in layer chickens
(Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012) Eyarefe, O.D.; Oguntoye, C.O.
This study compared the anaesthetic effects of intramuscular injection of Ketamine (K) (15 mg/kg) with intramuscular injection of Ketamine (K) (15 mg/kg) and Lignocaine (L) (4 mg/kg) infiltration for laparocaecectomy in 12 layer chickens (1.1±0.06 Kg) randomized into two groups (K, 5 chickens and K- L, 7 chickens). The duration of recumbency of the K-L group (100.3±16.4 min) was significantly longer (p<0.05) than that of K group (33.8±6.0 min). Time to stand for the K-L group (20.8±4.0 min) was also significantly longer (p<0.05) than those of K group (10±1.4 min). The mean heart rates, respiratory rates and cloacal temperatures were lower in the K-L group than the K group. All the birds recovered smoothly and no mortality was recorded following the procedure. In the absence of inhalatory anaesthesia, low dose ketamine and lignocaine infiltration may be a preferred anaesthetic protocol for non-protracted abdominal procedures such as laparo-caecectomy in birds
Enterologic and gynaecologic complications of ovariohysterectomy in the bitch
(2012) Akinrinmade, J.F.; Eyarefe, O.D.
The enterologic and gynaecologic associated complications post ovariohysterectomy (OVH) in bitches were evaluated. Medical records of 53 bitches with mean body weight of 15.2kg presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Ibadan between 1990-2010 were reviewed. Enterologic complications after OVH were observed in 11 (20.7%) of the cases studied. These include: Chronic vomiting 9 (81.8%), weight loss 9 (81.8%), anorexia, 8 (72.7%), diarrhea, 6 (54.5%) and pyrexia, 5(54.5%). Nine of the 11 dogs (81.8%) had extensive intestinal and uterine stump adhension. Gynaecologic complications 0bserve in 23 (43.3%) of the 53 bitches included vulva discharge 21(91.3%), incomplete extirpation of the ovaries 14(60.8%), recurrent estrus 9(39.1%), pseudopregnacy 8(34.7%), inflammation of the uterine cervical tissue and stump 4(17.4%) and non-resorbable ligature 3(13.0%). The study shows that enterologic and gynaecologic complications occur following OVH in bitches and strongly advice that bitches with gastrointestinal symptoms following OVH should be suspected of intestinal adhesions and incarcerations
Managing a necrotic limb of african dwarf crocodile (osteolaemus tetraspis) in Ibadan zoological garden: a case report
(2012) Eyarefe, O. D.; Oguntoye, C. O.; Omobowale, T. O.
Managing bite wounds in male a Mona monkey (cercopithecus mona)
(2012) Eyarefe, O. D.; Oguntoye, C.O.
This paper reports on the management of bite wounds inflicted on an adult male mona monkey by two other males in an attempt to mate the only female in the group. The deep laceration wounds which were at the left cranial thoracic and left caudal abdominal walls, the lateral aspect of the right thigh, the planter surface of the right fore limb and the right triceps muscle were managed with honey incorporated bandage dressings and delayed primary closure with sutures. The unique wound management procedure especially in wild life species,as well as the need to prevent group fight among wild life species in captivity especially mona monkeys through understanding of their social interactive structure formed the objectives of this report. Information acquisition by Zoo Veterinarians and managers, on social interaction among wild life species could help in preventing injuries, reducing cost of zoo animal keeping and conserving the few wild species presently available in our zoological gardens and game reserves
Rhabdomyosarcoma in a terrestrial tortoise (Geochelone nigra) in Nigeria: a case report
(AOSIS OpenJournals, 2012-11-30) Eyarefe, O.D.; Antia, R.E.; Oguntoye, C.O.; Abiola, O.O.; Alaka, O.O.; Ogunsola, J.O.
A skeletal muscle tumour (rhabdomysarcoma) was diagnosed in a 4-year-old captive female terrestrial tortoise (Geochelone nigra) weighing 7kg presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The tumour was located at the anterior right portion of the body and ventral to the carapace. The location of the tumour prevented the tortoise from extending its head from the body. The tumour was a sessile, smooth white mass, with a soft myxomatous consistency. The histological features that were diagnostic of rhabdomyosarcoma included a sparse population of haphazardly arranged spindle-shaped cells within a homogenous matrix (anisocytosis), occasional tumour giant and binucleate cells, and some well differentiated myofibrils with cross striations within the cytoplasm. The paucity of information on tumours in the land tortoise was the reason for this report, which appears to be the first report of rhabdomyosarcoma in the tortoise
Effects of honey, glutamine and their combination on canine small bowel epithelial cell proliferation following massive resection
(Physiological Society of Nigeria, 2012-12) Eyarefe, O.D,; Emikpe, B.O.; Akinloye, S.O.; Alonge, T.O.; Fayemi, O.E.
The effects of honey, glutamine and honey/glutamine combination on the healing and adaptive process of the bowel following massive small bowel resection were studied in some Nigerian non-descript breeds of dogs. 24 dogs (3-4months old) of mixed sexes with mean body weight of 4.42±0.70 kg were studied. They were randomized into four treatment groups following 70% small bowel resection. Group A dogs were placed on glutamine treatment, Group B on oral glutamine/honey and group C on honey and group D normal saline (control). Their body weights were evaluated for 15 days and the pre- and post-treatment gut biopsy samples were obtained and processed for morphometric evaluation. All groups exhibited signs of small bowel adaptation (Glutamine/honey>glutamine > honey > control) at the end of the experiment (4 weeks). Glutamine/honey combination, glutamine and honey had gradual increase in body weight from days 3-15 of weight evaluation. The control group, however, had a remarkable drop in body weight compared with other groups. Oral glutamine/honey combination showed the best overall effect based on body weight gain, intestinal mucosal growth and adaptation, evidenced by increased in residual bowel Villi height (27.71μm), Villi weight (14.51μm), Crypt depth (11.25μm), and Villi density (3.40μm). Glutamine showed a better result than honey with a significant increase in villi height (38.08μm), width (8.48μm) and crypt depth (40μm). Histologically, an improved villi branching was observed with glutamine/honey combination. Our results showed that honey/glutamine combination had comparative therapeutic advantage over glutamine or honey and may be a preferred treatment for short bowel syndrome patients
SEROVARS AND RENAL PATHOLOGY OF LEPTOSPIROSIS IN DOGS, CATTLE AND WILD RATS, AND ITS PATHOGENESIS IN A GUINEA PIG MODEL
(2013) AJAYI, O. L.
In recent years, mortality due to leptospirosis in dogs has been of major concern in Southwestern Nigeria, but the prevalent serovars, pathology and pathogenesis have not been fully documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the disease in the dog and reservoir hosts (cattle and wild rats), and its pathogenesis and pathology in a guinea pig model. Between 2003 and 2010, 44 fresh and 60 formalin-fixed kidneys of tentatively diagnosed cases of canine leptospirosis obtained at necropsy from the two Veterinary Teaching Hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria, fresh kidneys of 108 asymptomatic cattle and 105 wild rats obtained from abattoirs were investigated histopathologically and for the presence of leptospiral organisms using Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson–Harris (EMJH) medium, microscopic agglutination test with monoclonal antibodies (MAT-Ab), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Warthin Starry silver stain (WSss), and immunohistochemistry (IH). The chronicity of the canine infection was determined by renal histopathology. Forty guinea pigs were experimentally infected with 107 Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae, while 20 served as controls. The clinico-pathological changes, pathogenesis and pathology were investigated by sacrificing at 12, 24, 72, 96, 120 and 168 hrs post infection (p.i.). Data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Interstitial nephritis and tubular nephrosis were the most common renal lesions in dogs (88.4% and 76.7%), cattle (77.8% and 74.1%) and wild rats (62.9% and 67.6%), respectively. Leptospires were isolated from 84.1% dogs, 82.4% cattle and 68.9% wild rats. Serovars identified in dogs, cattle and wild rats were icterohaemorrhagiae (29.7%, 9.7%, 33.0%), pomona (18.5%, 3.2%, 23.8%), bratislava (11.1%, 22.6%, 4.8%), hardjo (0%, 29.0%, 0%), canicola (14.8%, 6.5%, 14.3%) and grippotyphosa (14.8%, 9.7%, 14.3%); unidentified isolates were 11.1%, 19.4%, 9.5% respectively. The virulence gene (285bp) was confirmed in 31.3% of canine, 81.8% of wild rat and 61.9% of bovine kidneys. The IH and WSss showed that in acute canine infections, leptospires were present in different renal tissues, but were only found attached to tubular epithelium in the more chronic infections. The guinea pig infection was characterized by anorexia, dullness, slight icterus, normocytic normochromic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The detection of leptospires in different organs was time-dependent, but persisted only in the kidney after 120 hrs p.i. In the pancreas, the organism could only be detected by cultural isolation and PCR (12-72 hrs p.i.). Renal tubular necrosis and interstitial nephritis, hepatic necrosis and cord dissociation, pulmonary haemorrhages, acute pancreatitis, adrenal vacuolar degeneration, non-suppurative myocarditis and encephalitis were observed. Immunohistochemistry showed leptospiral antigens in the brain from 12-24 hrs p.i. Icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona were the two most frequently isolated serovars from canine leptospirosis in Southwestern Nigeria. Structural localisation of the organism within the kidney may be an indication of the stage of infection. Renal lesions of leptospirosis were present in asymptomatic reservoir hosts. In addition to the well documented renal, hepatic, and pulmonary pathology, lesions of leptospirosis were also found in several other organs.