Veterinary Medicine
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Item Clofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) agonist, and its molecular mechanisms of action against sodium fluoride-induced toxicity(Springer Nature, 2021) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Jarikre, T. A.; Ajani, S. O.; Asenuga, E. R.; Gbadamosi, I. T.; Adedapo, A. D. A.; Aro, A. O.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Hassan, F. O.; Falayi, O. O.; Ogunmiluyi, I. O.; Omobowale, T. O.; Arojojoye, O. A.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.; Adedapo, A. A.; Emikpe, B. O.; Oyeyemi, M. O.; Nkadimeng, S. M.; McGaw, L. J.; Kayoka-Kabongo, P. N.; Oguntibeju, O. O.; Yakubu, M. A.Sodium fluoride (NaF) is one of the neglected environmental pollutants. It is ubiquitously found in the soil, water, and environment. Interestingly, fluoride has been extensively utilized for prevention of dental caries and tartar formation, and may be added to mouthwash, mouth rinse, and toothpastes. This study is aimed at mitigating fluoride-induced hypertension and nephrotoxicity with clofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) agonist. For this study, forty male Wistar rats were used and randomly grouped into ten rats per group, control, sodium fluoride (NaF; 300 ppm) only, NaF plus clofibrate (250 mg/kg) and NaF plus lisinopril (10 mg/kg), respectively, for 7 days. The administration of NaF was by drinking water ad libitum, while clofibrate and lisinopril were administered by oral gavage. Administration of NaF induced hypertension, and was accompanied with exaggerated oxidative stress; depletion of antioxidant defence system; reduced nitric oxide production; increased systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure; activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB); and testicular apoptosis. Treatment of rats with clofibrate reduced oxidative stress, improved antioxidant status, lowered high blood pressure through the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, mineralocorticoid receptor over-activation, and abrogated testicular apoptosis. Taken together, clofibrate could offer exceptional therapeutic benefit in mitigating toxicity associated with sodium fluoride.Item Potential health benefits of zinc supplementation for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic(Wiley, 2020) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Ajibade, T. O.; Aboua, Y. G.; Gbadamosi, I. T.; Adedapo, A. D. A.; Aro, A. O.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Thamahane-Katengua, E.; Omobowale, T. O.; Falayi, O. O.; Oyagbemi, T. O.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Hassan, F. O.; Ogunmiluyi, I. O.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.; Adedapo, A. A.; Nkadimeng, S. M.; McGaw, L. J.; Kayoka-Kabongo, P. N.; Oguntibeju, O. O.; Yakubu, M. A.The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic has created unimaginable and unprecedented global health crisis. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, millions of dollars have been spent, hospitalization overstretched with increasing morbidity and mortality. All these have resulted in unprecedented global economic catastrophe. Several drugs and vaccines are currently being evaluated, tested, and administered in the frantic efforts to stem the dire consequences of COVID-19 with varying degrees of successes. Zinc possesses potential health benefits against COVID-19 pandemic by improving immune response, minimizing infection and inflammation, preventing lung injury, inhibiting viral replication through the interference of the viral genome transcription, protein translation, attachment, and host infectivity. However, this review focuses on the various mechanisms of action of zinc and its supplementation as adjuvant for vaccines an effective therapeutic regimen in the management of the ravaging COVID-19 pandemic.Item Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cattle milk from dairy herds in Oyo State, Nigeria(Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (JVBS), 2020) Oludairo, O. O.; Olatoye, O. I.; Awoniyi, O. E.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Aiyedun, J. O.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has received a lot of attention in recent years as a zoonotic organism of global concern. Contummated nuts, especially those from mastiti cours, serve as reservoirs for humans in the epidemiology of antibiotic resistant MRSA. This snaly was designed to determine the level of contamination of bulk fresh milk from dairy cattle herds with MRSA in Harapa, Oyo and Oke-Ogun areas of Oyo State and the antibiotic resistance profe of the isolates. One hundred and sixty five (165) milk samples were obtained from the study areas and used for the study. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the samples using bacterial culture and biochemical tests. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was identified using foxitin disk infusion method. All the S. aureus isolates were subjected to oicrobial susceptibility Text. Ninety (54.5" milk samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp. out of which 32 (31.3%) were Staphylococcus aureus and 13 (7.9%) yielded MRSA. Amibiogram of S. aureus indicatel highest resistance to Clarocillin (88.5%) followed by (Augmentin 67.3%) and Cefirazchine (67.3%). Ten out of the 13 MRSA isolates were multidrug resistance while all the isolates were 100% susceptible to ofloxacin. The results of this study showed that milk produced from dairy cattle in Oyo State was contaminated with MRSA. This portends serious food safety and public health risk among the consumers of such milk especially in raw or improperly pasteurized for o Proper dairy herd health management and prudent use of antibiotics and legicnic withing pcelares are hereby recommended to prevent contamination of milk and subsequent spread of the organism to humansItem Antihypertensive effect of Methanol Leaf Extract of Azadirachta inidica is Mediated through Suppression of Renal Caspase 3 Expression on Nω-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester. Pharmacognosy(Phcog.Net, 2020) Omobowale, T. O.; Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Ugbor, F.; Asenuga, E. R.; Ajibade, T. O.; Afolabi, J. M.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Falayi, O. O.; Gbadamosi, F. T.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.; Ashafa, A.; Yakubu, M. A.; Adedapo, A. A.; Oguntibeju, O. O.Background: Azadirachta indica (AI) Adr Juss (Meliaceae), known as neem, has been used traditionally for the treatment of various disease conditions including obesity and hypertension. Objective: The antihypertensive effect and mechanism of action of modulatory effect of AI were investigated after the induction of hypertension using Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Materials and Methods: Five groups of ten rats divided as follows: Control; L-NAME (40 mg/kg); L-NAME + 100 mg/kg AI; L-NAME and 200 mg/kg AI; and L-NAME and Enalapril (25 mg/kg) were used. Results: following the application of L-NAME, hypertension (elevated systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressures) and increased levels of oxidative stress markers were observed in rats. Immunohistochemistry showed increased caspase-3 expressions in hypertensive rats compared to normotensive rats. Conversely, AI treatment resulted in restoration of physiological antioxidant status and normotension, comparable to the standard antihypertensive agent enalapril. Conclusion: AI leaf is a good candidate for the management of high blood pressure.Item Luteolin Attenuates Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure and Cardiac Complications Through Modulation of Kim-1/NF-κB/Nrf2 Signaling Pathways(Taylor & Francis, 2020) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Ajibade, T. O.; Asenuga, E. R.; Afolabi, J. M.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Falayi, O. O.; Hassan, F. O.; Nabofa, E. W.; Omobowale, T. O.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.; Adedapo, A. A.; Oguntibeju, O. O.; Yakubu, M. A.Acute renal failure (ARF) has been documented as a life-threatening disease with high morbidity and mortality. We investigated the protective effect of Luteolin against ARF. In this study, forty male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10). Group A received normal saline. Group B received glycerol (10 ml/kg BW, 50% v/v in sterile saline, i.m.). Groups C and D were pretreated with Luteolin 100 and 200 mg/kg for 7 days, and thereafter administered glycerol (10 ml/kg BW, 50% v/v in sterile saline, i.m.). Administration of glycerol significantly increased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure. Renal protein carbonyl and xanthine oxidase increased significantly while significant reduction in the activity of renal glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione reductase was observed in the glycerol intoxicated rats. Furthermore, administration of glycerol led to significant increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen together with reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Immunohistochemistry revealed that glycerol intoxication enhanced expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, nuclear factor kappa beta and cardiac troponin (CTnI). However, Luteolin pretreatment normalized blood pressure, reduced markers of oxidative stress and renal damage, and improved NO bioavailability. Luteolin also downregulated the expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, nuclear factor kappa beta and cardiac troponin. Together, Luteolin might open a novel therapeutic window for the treatment of acute renal failure and cardiac complications.Item Antihypertensive Power of Naringenin is Mediated via Attenuation of Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MCR)/ Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)/ Kidney Injury Molecule (Kim-1) Signaling Pathway(Elsevier B.V, 2020) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Owolabi, A. M.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Falayi, O. O.; Hassan, F. O.; Ogunmiluyi, I. O.; Asenuga, E. R.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Soetan, K. O.; Saba, A. B.; Adedapo, A. A.; Nkadimeng, S. M.; McGaw, L. J.; Oguntibeju, O. O.; Yakubu, M. A.Hypertension is a condition with chronic elevation of blood pressure and a common preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease with attendant global morbidity and mortality. The present study investigated the novel antihypertensive and neuroprotective effect of Naringenin on L-NG-Nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced hypertension together with possible molecular mechanism of action. Rats were divided into four groups. Rats in Group A were normotensive. The hypertensive group (Group B) received 40 mg/kg of L-NAME alone while Groups C and D were concurrently administered Naringenin (50 mg/kg) or Lisinopril (10 mg/kg) together with L-NAME orally for 3 weeks. Blood pressure parameters, markers of oxidative stress and renal damage were measured. The immunohistochemistry of kidney injury molecule 1, mineralocorticoid receptor and angiotensin converting enzyme were also determined. Results indicated significant increases in malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein products, protein carbonyl contents and decrease in serum nitric oxide bioavailability in hypertensive rats. Furthermore, there were significant increases in serum myeloperoxidase, urinary creatinine, albumin and blood urea nitrogen in hypertensive rats in comparison to hypertensive rats treated with either Naringenin or Lisinopril. Immunohistochemistry revealed significant expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, mineralocorticoid receptor and angiotensin converting enzyme in hypertensive rats. However, co-treatment with either Naringenin or Lisinopril mitigated both renal and neuronal oxidative stress, normalized blood pressure and lowered the expressions of kidney injury molecule 1, mineralocorticoid receptor and angiotensin converting enzyme. Collectively, Naringenin offered a novel antihypertensive and neuroprotective effect through downregulation of kidney injury molecule 1, mineralocorticoid receptor and angiotensin converting enzyme.Item Novel Antihypertensive Action of Rutin is Mediated Via Inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme/Mineralocorticoid Receptor/Angiotensin 2 Type 1 Receptor (ATR1) Signaling Pathways in Uninephrectomized Hypertensive Rats(Wiley, 2020) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Bolaji-Alabi, F. B.; Ajibade, T. O.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Ajani, O. S.; Jarikre, T. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Soetan, K. O.; Aro, A. O.; Emikpe, B. O.; Saba, A. B.; Adedapo, A. A.; Nkadimeng, S. M.; Kayoka-Kabongo, P. N.; McGaw, L. J.; Oguntibeju, O. O.; Yakubu, M. A.Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease that affects approximately 26% of adult population worldwide. Rutin is one of the important flavonoids that is consumed in the daily diet and found in many food items, vegetables, and beverages. Uninephrectomy (UNX) of the left kidney was performed, followed by induction of hypertension. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 rats: group 1—Sham-operated rats; group 2—UNX rats; group 3—UNX-L-NAME (40 mg/kg) plus Rutin (100 mg/kg bwt); and group 4—UNX-L-NAME plus lisinopril (10 mg/kg bwt), orally for 3 weeks. Results revealed significant heightening of arterial pressure and oxidative stress indices, while hypertensive rats treated with Rutin had lower expressions of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and mineralocorticoid receptor in uninephrectomized rats. Together, Rutin as a novel antihypertensive flavonoid could provide unimaginable benefits for the management of hypertension through inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme and mineralocorticoid receptor. Practical applications show that hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease affecting approximately 26% of the adult population worldwide, with predicted prevalence to increase by 60% by 2025. Recent advances in phytomedicine have shown flavonoids to be very helpful in the treatment of many diseases. Flavonoids have been used in the treatment and management of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and hypertension. The study revealed that Rutin, a known flavonoid, inhibited angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (ATR1), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MCR), comparable to the classic ACE inhibitor lisinopril, indicating the novel antihypertensive property of Rutin. Therefore, flavonoids such as Rutin found in fruits and vegetables could serve as an antihypertensive drug regimen. Combining all, functional foods rich in flavonoids could be used as potential therapeutic candidates for managing uninephrectomized hypertensive patients.Item Clofibrate, a PPAR‐α Agonist, Abrogates Sodium Fluoride‐Induced Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Motor Incoordination Via Modulation of GFAP/Iba‐1/Anti‐calbindin Signaling Pathways(Wiley, 2020) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Adebiyi, O. E.; Adigun, K. O.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Falayi, O. O.; Hassan, F. O.; Folarin, O. R.; Adebayo, A. K.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Asenuga, E. R.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Omobowale, T. O.; Olopade, J. O.; Saba, A. B.; Adedapo, A. A.; Nkadimeng, S. M.; McGaw, L. J.; Oguntibeju, O. O.; Yakubu, M. A.Fluoride is an environmental contaminant that is ubiquitously present in air, water. and soil. It is commonly added in minute quantity to drinking water, toothpaste, and mouth rinses to prevent tooth decay. Epidemiological findings have demonstrated that exposure to fluoride induced neurodevelopmental toxicity, developmental neu- rotoxicity, and motor disorders. The neuroprotective effect of clofibrate, a peroxi some proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist, was investigated in the present study. Forty male Wistar rats were used for this study and randomly grouped into 10 rats per group as control, sodium fluoride (NaF) alone 1300 ppm), NaF plus clofi- brate (250 mg/kg), and NaF plus lisinopril (10 mg/kg), respectively, for 7 days. Naf was administered in drinking water while clofibrate and lisinopril were administered by oral gavage, Markers of neuronal inflammation and oxidative stress, acetylcholin- esterase activity, and neurobehavioral thanging wire and open field) tests were per- formed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on brain tissues, and they were probed with glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, and cerebellar Ca2-binding protein calbindin-D28k. The results showed that NaF sig nificantly increased of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and inhibited AChE activity. Immunostaining showed reactive astrocytes, microgliosis, loss of dendritic spines, and arborization in Purkinje cells in rats administered only Naf. Neuro- behavioral results showed that cotreatment of NaF with clofibrate improved muscu lar strength and locomotion, reduced anxiety, and significantly reduced astrocytic count. Overall, cotreatment of Naf with either clofibrate or lisinopril showed neuro- protective effects by mitigating neuronal inflammation and oxidative and motor inco ordination. Hence, clofibrate could be seen as a novel drug candidate against neurodegeneration and motor disorders.Item Cobalt Chloride Toxicity Elicited Hypertension and Cardiac Complication Via Induction of Oxidative Stress and Upregualtion of Cox-2/ Bax Signaling Pathway(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2019) Oyagbemi, A. A.; Omobowale, T. O.; Awoyomi, O. V.; Ajibade, T. O.; Falayi, O. O.; Ogunpolu, B. S.; Okotie, U. J.; Asenuga, E. R.; Adejumobi, O. A.; Hassan, F. O.; Ola-Davies, O. E.; Saba, A. B.; Adedapo, A. A.; Yakubu, M. A.Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal with extensive industrial and biological applications. To assess the toxic effects of, and mechanisms involved in cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced cardio-renal dysfunctions, male Wistar rats were exposed orally, daily through drinking water to 0 ppm (control), 150 ppm, 300 ppm, and 600 ppm of Cobalt chloride, respectively. Following exposure, results revealed significant (p < 0.05) rise in markers of oxidative stress, but decreased activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and reduced glutathione content in cardiac and renal tissues. There were significant increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure at the 300- and 600-ppm level of Cobalt chloride-exposed rats relative to the control. Prolongation of QT and QTc intervals was observed in Cobalt chloride alone treated rats. Also, there were significant increases in the heart rates, and reduction in P wave, and PR duration of rats administered Cobalt chloride. Histopathology of the kidney revealed peritubular and periglomerular inflammation, focal glomerular necrosis following Cobalt chloride exposure. Further, cyclooxygenase-2 and B-cell associated protein X expressions were upregulated in the cardiac and renal tissues of Cobalt chloride-exposed rats relative to the control. Combining all, results from this study implicated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis as pathologic mechanisms in Cobalt chloride-induced hypertension and cardiovascular complications of rats.Item Evaluation of Post-Vaccinal Antibody Responseo to Canine Distemper Virus Vaccine Following A Single Dose Of Multivalent DHLPPi Vaccines to Nigerian Local Breeds of Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)(African Association of Biomedical Scientists / Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2019) Adejumobi, O. A.; Babajimi-Joseph, B. O.; Omobowale, T. O.; Nottidge, H. O.The current level of morbidity and mortality among dogs due to canine distemper virus infection raise concems about the effectiveness of commercially available DHLPPI vaccines. The prevalence of the disease despite vaccination warranted the evaluation of the potency of vaccines that are used for routine vaccination in Nigeria. This study was conducted to investigate antibody responses to the three common brands of DHLPPi vaccines for dogs and to recommend the best immunogenic brand for routine vaccination in dogs in Nigeria. Twenty local breed of dogs, age 8-14 weeks were purchased from dog breeders in Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria. The dogs were screened for heamoparasites and endoparasites. Those that were positive were treated appropriately and they were acclimatized for three weeks in the University of Ibadan Veterinary Teaching Hospital kernels. They were divided into four groups tagged A, B, C and D. They were fed with rice and meat and formulated rations and served fresh clean water ad-libitum. Groups A, B and C were vaccinated while Group D was not vaccinated and served as the control. Blood samples were collected before vaccination (day 0) and weekly for four weeks and 90 days post-vaccination. The sera of collected blood samples were subjected to ELISA test. Mean values of ELISA antibody titers were calculated and the mean values obtained were compared for significant differences using ANOVA test and student t-test. The antibody titres of the three groups A, B and C were observed to increase within a week of vaccination, and the three vaccinated groups showed variable antibody responses on different days of samplings.characterised with rising and waning of antibodies. Group D was observed to be low titres of antibody throughout the study period. From these findings, all the vaccines were potent, however, comparatively vaccine C was the best, vaccine B was better than A. Vaccine C is therefore strongly recommended for use in dogs for routine vaccination and a booster dose should be administered 4-5 weeks after first dose for optimum humoral immunity against canine distemper virus infection. Seromonitoring is essential in planning vaccination regimen for dogs. Other factors that can affect the effectiveness of vaccine during storage, transportation and administration should be considered for a desirable result