Veterinary Medicine
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Item Genome-wide investigations reveal the population structure and selection signatures of Nigerian cattle adaptation in the sub-Saharan tropics(Springer Nature, 2022) David, H.; Oscar J.; Olaogun, S. C.; Adeniyi C.Background: Cattle are considered to be the most desirable livestock by small scale farmers. In Africa, although comprehensive genomic studies have been carried out on cattle, the genetic variations in indigenous cattle from Nigeria have not been fully explored. In this study, genome-wide analysis based on genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) of 193 Nigerian cattle was used to reveal new insights on the history of West African cattle and their adaptation to the tropical African environment, particularly in sub-Saharan region. Results: The GBS data were evaluated against whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data and high rate of variant concordance between the two platforms was evident with high correlated genetic distance matrices genotyped by both methods suggestive of the reliability of GBS applicability in population genetics. The genetic structure of Nigerian cattle was observed to be homogenous and unique from other African cattle populations. Selection analysis for the genomic regions harboring imprints of adaptation revealed genes associated with immune responses, growth and reproduction, efficiency of feeds utilization, and heat tolerance. Our findings depict potential convergent adaptation between African cattle, dogs and humans with adaptive genes SPRY2 and ITGB1BP1 possibly involved in common physiological activities. Conclusion: The study presents unique genetic patterns of Nigerian cattle which provide new insights on the history of cattle in West Africa based on their population structure and the possibility of parallel adaptation between African cattle, dogs and humans in Africa which require further investigations.Item Hematological and biochemical profile of apparently healthy Horses in Ibadan, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2023) Adedokun, R. A. M.; Olaogun, S. C.; Alaba, B. K.We evaluated the hematological and biochemical parameters of apparently healthy horses in Ibadan polo Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 20 apparently healthy Polo horses were used for this study. Breeds were established by their morphological features; Age was grouped based on the birth record and sexes morphologically established. Hematological and Biochemical analysis were established by adopting standard procedures and the use of specific kits respectively. Breed demography showed 14 (70%) Sudanese breed and 6 (30%) Cross breeds. Sex demography represents 18 (90%) female and 2 (10%) males. Age group demography reveals as follows; young horses (4-6yrs) were 4 (20%), middle-aged horses (7-9yrs) were 8 (40%) and older horses (10-13yrs) category were 8 (40%). All hematological and biochemical indices were within the normal ref range. Except for total bilirubin and Cholesterol with relatively higher Mean ± SD values of 0.58 ± 0.23 and 146.20 ± 12.98 respectively. Statistical significance (P<0.05) was observed in the values of High-density lipoprotein (HDL) among breeds. HDL was significantly higher in Sudanese breed with higher Mean ± SD values of (45.43±4.65) compared to Cross bred with Mean ± SD values of (39.67±6.62). Hematological and biochemical parameters of male (Stallion) appeared better to female (Mare) when compared to normal reference range. Statistical difference of (P<0.05) existed in the value of Mean ± SD values of glucose (mg/dL) within age groups with significant lower value of 79.38±2.92b in 7-9yrs age group compared to the value of 84.5±2.56ain 10-13yrs age group. We observed no significant variation in hematology and most biochemical parameters among breeds, sexes and age groups. There may be need for further investigation to unravel the cause of higher HDL in Sudanese breed and hypoglyceamia observed in 7-9yrs age group of horses as seen in this present study.Item Polymorphism of Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) in Nigerian sheep(Talor&Fracs, 2023) Adeola, A. C.; Bello, S. F.; Abdussamad, A. M.; Mark, A. I.; Olaogun, S. C.; Rogo, L. D.; Mangbon, G.F.Polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) gene determines an animal’s susceptibility to scrapie. Three polymorphisms at codons 136, 154, and 171 have been linked to classical scrapie susceptibility, although many variants of PRNP have been reported. However, no study has investigated scrapie susceptibility in Nigerian sheep from the drier agro-climate zones. In this study, we aimed to identify PRNP polymorphism in nucleotide sequences of 126 Nigerian sheep by comparing them with public available studies on scrapie-affected sheep. Further, we deployed Polyphen-2, PROVEAN, and AMYCO analyses to determine the structure changes produced by the non-synonymous SNPs. Nineteen (19) SNPs were found in Nigerian sheep with 14 being non- synonymous. Interestingly, one novel SNP (T718C) was identified. There was a significant differ-ence (P < 0.05) in the allele frequencies of PRNP codon 154 between sheep in Italy and Nigeria. Based on the prediction by Polyphen-2, R154H was probably damaging while H171Q was benign. Contrarily, all SNPs were neutral via PROVEAN analysis while two haplotypes (HYKK and HDKK) had similar amyloid propensity of PRNP with resistance haplotype in Nigerian sheep. Our study provides valuable information that could be possibly adopted in programs targeted at breeding for scrapie resistance in sheep from tropical regions.Item The knowledge, attitudes, and practices of smallholder cattle farmers concerning the epidemiology of bovine fasciolosis in the North West Province, South Africa(South African Veterinary Association (SAVA), 2023) Olaogun, S. C.; Fosgate, G. T.; Byaruhanga, C.; Marufu, M. C.Bovine fasciolosis has negative impacts on cattle production worldwide, more so on the African continent and especially in smallholder farming areas with limited level of awareness. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning bovine fasciolosis among smallholder cattle farmers in the North West Province of South Africa. A total of 153 farmers were interviewed from three villages of the Moretele Local Municipality in Bojanala District. The majority of respondents were male (84%) farm owners (81%) that had low education levels (56% primary school or less) and employed extensive cattle management systems (84%). A large number of farms lacked infrastructure including calving pens (88%), restraining equipment (85%), and weight determination equipment (92%) while sourcing drinking water for cattle from rivers or dams (58%). No evaluated factors were significantly associated with a positive fasciolosis epidemiological knowledge score. However, education level (P = 0.046), some cattle breeds (P = 0.022), and management system (P < 0.001) of the smallholder farmers were associated with a positive practice score concerning bovine fasciolosis prevention. We therefore recommend that education programs be introduced that focus on the mode of transmission, risk factors, zoonotic importance, and practices associated with the prevention and control of bovine fasciolosis.Item Prevalent bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern in calves showing signs of shipping fever after 72 hours of transportation in Nigeria.(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2023) Olaogun, S. C.; Esan, O. O.; Adedokun, R.A.M; Adeniran, J. A."Respiratory distress in cattle often associated with transportation stress is one of the frequently encountered problems in Nigeria. A total of 35 calves of Sokoto Gudali and White Fulani breeds transported by road from northern Nigeria as new stocks in a newly established cattle farm in Ibadan, Oyo State was sampled on arrival. The affected animals were all recumbent and showed respiratory distress (coughing, serous nasal discharges, and dyspnoea) when they were offloaded. History revealed 72hrs of transportation from northern Nigeria. The nasal swabs were taken aseptically. Bacteria isolation and sensitivity tests were done with standard microbiological procedures. Findings revealed as follows; Mannheima haemolytica 35(36.8%), Eschericha coli 28 (29.5%), Klebsiella spp 17 (17.9%), and Bacillus spp 15 (15.8%). The sensitivity of Mannhemia haemolytica revealed that it was sensitive to (10μg) each of pefloxacin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamycin. Mannhemia haemolytica was sensitive to Rocephin at the concentration of (25μg). It was sensitive to septrin, streptomycin; amoxicillin, and augmentin each at a concentration of (30μg). Escherichia coli sensitivity was as follows: tarivid, sparfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin at the concentration of (10μg) respectively. Pefloxacin was sensitive at the highest concentration of (30μg). On the sensitivity pattern of Klebsiella Species, findings showed that Klebsiella species was sensitive to each of tarivid, sparfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin at the concentration of (10μg). It was sensitive to Pefloxacin at the concentration of (30μg). Whereas Bacillus Species was sensitive to ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, pefloxacin, and gentamicin at the concentration of (10μg), it was sensitive to Rocephin at the concentration of (25μg). We, therefore, conclude that Mannheima haemolytica, followed by Eschericha coli, Klebsiella spp, and least being Bacillus spp with variations in their sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics. An improved livestock transportation system is therefore advocated, and the use of ciprofloxacin in the management of respiratory complications associated with transportation stress in livestock is recommended."Item Scrapie-associated polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Nigerian native goats(Elsevier B.V., 2022) Adeniyi, C.; Abdussamad, M.; Olaogun, S. C.; Lawal, D.Scrapie is a fatal prion protein disease stiffly associated with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of the prion protein gene (PRNP). The prevalence of this deadly disease has been reported in small ruminants, including goats. The Nigerian goats are hardy, trypano-tolerant, and contribute to the protein intake of the increasing population. Although scrapie has been reported in Nigerian goats, there is no study on the polymorphism of the PRNP gene. Herein, we evaluated the genetic and allele distributions of PRNP polymorphism in 132 Nigerian goats and compared them with publicly available studies on scrapie-affected goats. We utilized Polyphen-2, PROVEAN and AMYCO programs to examine structural variations produced by the non-synonymous SNPs. Our study revealed 29 SNPs in Nigerian goats, of which 14 were non-synonymous, and 23 were novel. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in the allele frequencies of PRNP codons 139, 146, 154 and 193 in Nigerian goats compared with scrapie-affected goats, except for Northern Italian goats at codon 154. Based on the prediction by Polyphen-2, R139S and N146S were ‘benign’, R154H was ‘probably damaging’, and T193I was ‘possibly damaging’. In contrast, PROVEAN predicted ‘neutral’ for all non-synonymous SNPs, while AMYCOItem African suid genomes provide insights into the local adaptation to diverse African environments.(Oxford University Press, 2022) Hai-Bing Xie,; Chen Yan,; Adeniyi, C.; Olaogun, S. C.; Adeola, O.African wild suids consist of several endemic species that represent ancient members of the family Suidae and have colonized diverse habitats on the African continent. However, limited genomic resources for African wild suids hin-der our understanding of their evolution and genetic diversity. In this study, we assembled high-quality genomes of a common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), a red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), as well as an East Asian Diannan small-ear pig (Sus scrofa). Phylogenetic analysis showed that common warthog and red river hog diverged from their common ancestor around the Miocene/Pliocene boundary, putatively predating their entry into Africa. We detected species-specific selective signals associated with sensory perception and interferon signaling pathways in common warthog and red river hog, respectively, which contributed to their local adaptation to savannah and tropical rain-forest environments, respectively. The structural variation and evolving signals in genes involved in T-cell immunity, viral infection, and lymphoid development were identified in their ancestral lineage. Our results provide new insights into the evolutionary histories and divergent genetic adaptations of African suidsItem Comparison of Three Diagnostic Methods to Detect the Occurrence of Fasciola Species in Communally Grazed Cattle in the North West Province, South Africa(MDPI, 2022) Olaogun, S. C.; Byaruhanga, C.; Ochai, S. O.; Fosgate, G. T.; Marufu, M. C.Fasciolosis causes significant economic losses in commercial cattle herds in South Africa, but its prevalence is unknown in most communal areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim of determining the occurrence of bovine fasciolosis using three different diagnostic methods in Moretele Local Municipality in Bojanala District, NorthWest Province. Faecal samples were collected from 277 cattle of different breeds, ages, sex and faecal condition scores and examined using the sedimentation technique, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and faecal antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (coproELISA). All samples were negative for bovine fasciolosis using coproELISA. A total of 73 (26.4%) samples were positive using the qPCR, while 36 were positive using the sedimentation technique, with low faecal egg counts (1 to 20 eggs per gram). The qPCR detected the highest positivity (26.4%, 95% CI 21.3, 32.0) followed by the sedimentation test (13.0%; 95% CI 9.3, 17.5). Location, breed, sex, age and faecal consistency score were not associated with positive qPCR results (p > 0.05). There was also no significant agreement (kappa = 0.011, p = 0.843) between qPCR and the sedimentation technique for the detection of Fasciola spp. The qPCR appeared to be the most sensitive method for detection of Fasciola spp. Further studies are required on the characterisation of Fasciola spp. in communal cattle in South Africa.Item Distribution and histological features of sebaceous and sweat glands in different regions of the skin of Tree Squirrels in Ibadan, Nigeria(SJIF Impact Factor, 2022) Akpan, M. O.; Olaogun, S. C.; Rahmon, M. OThis study establishes distribution of sebaceous and sweat glands in different body regions of squirrels. A total number 10 apparently healthy squirrels were used for this study. Skin samples that were taken from selected regions of the body samples were histologically processed for microscopic examination. The slides were examined using the light microscope and histophotomicrography. Results reveal only two squirrels found to have sebaceous glands on their mouth parts with an average of approximately 1.88 ± 3.48 glands. Five having sebaceous glands on their head with an average of approximately 8.13 ± 9.82 glands. Four having sebaceous glands on their neck with an average of approximately 7.13 ± 9.03 glands. Four having sebaceous glands on their dorsum with an average of approximately 6.38 ± 5.93 glands. Seven having sebaceous glands on their ventral part with an average of approximately 7.13 ± 9.03 glands. Four having sebaceous glands at their tail with an average of approximately 4.75 ± 6.11 glands. One having sebaceous glands at their hind limb extremities with an average of approximately 1.88 ± 5.30 glands per 42.46 mm² field area per squirrel respectively. We concluded that the distribution of the sebaceous gland on the body of the squirrel is widely generalised with seven out of ten squirrels having the glands at their ventral region compared with just one squirrel having the gland on their hind limb. Further investigation required to determine reasons for more glands on the head region compared to other regions of the Tree squirrel body.Item A case report of clinico-pathological findings and management of Peste des Petis Ruminants in goats’ flock after vaccination at Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria(Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, 2022) Olaogun, S. C.; Abiola, J .O.; Adah, O.; Adedokun, R.A.M.; Ososanya, T.OAn outbreak of Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) among recently vaccinated West African Dwarf male goats (buck) was investigated and managed at the Teaching and Research Farm University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The average age of the animals was ranged between 1½- 2years old. The morbidity rate of 87% and mortality rate of 28% was recorded on the flock, giving a case fatality rate of 32%. Sneezing, coughing, anorexia, mucopurulent nasal discharges, dyspnea, and diarrhea with pungent characteristic odor were observed clinically. Clinical examination of clinically infected animals on the average revealed the followings: Temperature: 40.5°C, Heart rate: 76 beats per min, Respiratory rate: 44 breathes per min. 13 mortalities were recorded within a week post vaccination. Postmortem findings revealed mucopurulent oculonasal discharges, crust on the lips, erosive lesions on the gums, fecal soiled perineum, frothy mucoid tracheal fluid, copious hydroperitoneum, hyperemia, congestion, and lungs hepatization with large intestine seemed congested. A rapid diagnostic kit for goat Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus Antibody was used to detect the positivity and correlated antibody titer in four of the goats; two from the apparently healthy group and two from the group still manifesting the clinical symptoms. Results of the two apparently healthy revealed some positivity which correlated to 1:160 antibody titer while the two animals from the group showing clinical signs revealed complete invalidation. Clinically infected animals were isolated and treated symptomatically for five consecutive days with Tylosin, Sulphadimidine and Multivitamins at recommended dosages To the best of the authors knowledge, this case will be the first confirmed PPR outbreak among West African Dwarf goats linked with vaccination using PPR rapid diagnostic kit outcome combined with clinico-pathological findings in the South-Western Nigeria.
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