FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
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Item "Assessment of physical and chemical characteristics, heavy metals composition in Awba Dam: Contamination levels in sediment, soil, Amaranthus hybridus (L.) and effluents from different drains in University of Ibadan(Ecological Society of Nigeria, 2023) Ajibola, F. O.; Fayinminnu, O. O."The indiscriminate use of heavy metal-compounded fertilisers and pesticides as well as the release of raw and ill-treated domestic wastewater into water courses poses threats to living organisms in the environment. This study therefore, evaluated the physical and chemical properties and heavy metals contamination levels in water and sediments of Awba dam, University of Ibadan with a view to assessing its quality and suitability for irrigation. Water samples from Upstream, Midstream and Downstream of Awba Dam and three drains containing outflows from areas with anthropogenic activities and solid sediment samples were collected from Awba Dam, while vegetable and soil samples were collected from a nearby farm (200 m away) from the dam. Samples were analysed for physical and chemical parameters (pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, COD)], nitrate and phosphate), and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Ni and Pb) in the water, sediment, Amaranthus hybridus and soil were determined using standard methods. Data obtained were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Results revealed DO having highest value (3.77 mg/L) at Tech and maximum values of BOD (14.67 mg/L) and COD (57.06 mg/L) were obtained at upstream and these were above the WHO limits. Highest nitrate level (36.45 mg/L) was at Tech and lowest (20.44 mg/L) at downstream. Similarly, phosphate value in all locations ranged from 0.09-0.61 mg/L. All heavy metal levels were in non- detectable quantities in water and Amaranthus hybridus. In sediment, Cr and Co had highest values of 13.67 and 5.33 mg/kg, respectively at upstream and Ni had 12350 mg/kg at midstream, all above the USEPA Sediment Criteria. Also, Ni had the highest value (18811.00 mg/kg) in soil. The chemical oxygen demand in water as well as nickel concentrations in both sediments from Awba Dam and soil were high. Therefore, there is need for regular monitoring of these parameters is recommended."Item Toxicity and Residue of Mexican mint (Plectranthus amboinicus Lour.) essential oil as a bio-insecticide on cowpea beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius)(Ecological Society of Nigeria, 2023) Fayinminnu, O.O.; Akeem, B. A.; Isienyi, N. C.; Alabi, O. Y."Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) (Walp)) is one of the legumes grown worldwide due to its high value in protein. However, the crop faces insects` attack from the field to storage especially Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea grain beetle) which has brought huge economic losses in storage. Insect pests of cowpea had been controlled with various synthetic insecticides but with hazardous effects on human health and the environment. This study assessed plant essential oil which could be used as an alternative to control stored cowpea grains beetles. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: To identify the compounds present in Mexican mint as a bio-insecticide, to determine the residue of the Mexican mint essential oil in treated cowpea grains and to determine the proximate analysis of treated cowpea grains. The study was conducted at Entomology Research Laboratory Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan using a susceptible cowpea variety Ife Brown cowpea grains. Six treatments: 0.75, 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g of Mexican mint essential oil, Phostoxin (0.01g recommended) and without treatment (control) were replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The essential oil extraction, the essential oil residue in cowpea grains and proximate analysis were determined using standard procedures. Data were collected on mortality of insects corrected with Abbott’s formula and analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Results revealed 26 compounds with two prominent compounds identified; monoterpenes (0.22-6.16%) and terpenes (0.28-4.16%). Toxicity of Mexican mint essential oil concentrations on C. maculatus gave a 93.75% mortality rate at 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g, respectively which compared favorably with phostoxin (100%), while the control gave highly significant reduction of 12.50%. Compounds found in the cowpea grains residues showed no trace of toxicity which were: alpha. -Pinene (144.98-346.79 mg/L); tau. -Muurolol and Linalool (0.22-0.54mg/L), Di- epi-1,10-cubenol (15.38mg/L) and alpha.-Cadinol (0.35mg/L), respectively from 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g. Proximate analysis of treated cowpea grains revealed essential oil at 0.75 mL/g having highest value of 29.75% in crude protein, highest (91.00%) dry matter was obtained from 2.25 mL/g, similar values of 10.75 and 11.14% moisture content was recorded from 0.75 and 1.25mL/g, respectively. Highest similar values ranging from 54.16-54.56% of carbohydrate were obtained from 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g, respectively. This study revealed that Mexican mint essential oil at 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g contained important insecticidal components, which enhanced high toxicity on Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea grains, with no toxic residue of the essential oil in the cowpea grains and no harmful effects on the nutritional components. Therefore, Mexican mint essential oil could give food quality and safety when used as a bio- insecticide to protect cowpea grains in storage.Item Cowpea Farmers’ knowledge and attitudes towards health risks associated with synthetic Insecticide utilization in Nigerian Southern Guinea savannah ecological zone(2023) Ogunkunle, F. A.; Fadina, O. O.; Fayinminnu, O. O.The impacts of insecticide can not be overemphasized in ensuring food security; however, health consequences of these chemicals’ residues in crops remain a big challenge to food safety. The aim of this study was to elucidate Southern Guinea Savannah cowpea farmers’ knowledge of insecticide and safety practices in line with their concern for the health hazards involved through their attitudes. A total of 270 cowpea farmers participated in this study through thorough interview and field observations. Differential and inferential analysis was used for the study. Cypermethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin and Chlorpyrifos were active ingredients of insecticides mostly used in the study area in that order. Majority of the farmers would probably overuse at every application (40% to 50.1%), apply insecticides at almost point of harvest (37.1% to 59.2%) and would most likely not take precautionary measures towards personal protection against insecticide exposure (up to 99.3%). There was a significant (p<0.05)association between education level and appropriate precautionary handling of insecticides which was strong and positive. Educated farmers were hence likely take to recommendation in insecticides application (in dosage and frequency). Majority of farmers’ decision in the choice of insecticides were influenced by the insecticide retailers (68.9% to 77%), which calls for further studies on the insecticides’ knowledge and perception of these retailers. Agricultural extension agents need to be involved in insecticides distribution for appropriate guidance of farmers, and also establish hazardous waste collection service in conjunction with ministry of environment in the study area to curtail indiscriminate disposal of pesticide wastes.Item Health Risk Assessment of Amaranthus Species Grown on Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers(2022) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Owolabi, O. F.; Isienyi, N. C.Human health and environmental issues associated with intensive and vastly industrialized agriculture is the main cause of the constantly growing interest in organic farming. The objective of this study was to assess the heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) in Amaranthus cruentus (AC) and Amaranthus spinosus (AS) grown on organic fertilizer (poultry droppings (PD)) and mineral fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15). The seeds of AC and AS were sown separately in a pot containing 5kg soil. Each Amaranthus variety consisted of these treatments: control (C), organic fertilizer (PD) and mineral fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15); all laid out in completely randomized design and replicated four times. Pre physico-chemical properties and heavy metals of the experimental soil and treatments were analyzed using standard procedures, also Health Risk Index (HRI) was determined. Application of NPK at 4g/5kg soil and PD 10g/5kg soil was done and left for 7 days for better nutrient mineralization. Plants were thinned to 2 stands per pot after two weeks-after-sowing (WAS). Parameter(s) on growth were taken at 2, 4, and 5-WAS, while that of yield at harvest was done at 5-WAS. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (p<0.05). Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in growth parameters from A. cruentus and A. spinosus at 2, 4 and 5 WAS across all treatments (C, PD and NPK) applied. Results obtained at 5WAS showed the control with highest leaf area (34.13 cm2) from A. spinosus, while PD had 29.45 cm2. Also, A. cruentus treated with poultry droppings and control had 30.00 cm2 and 27.48 cm2, respectively. At fresh weight (yield) A. cruentus had the highest value (259.00g) treated with NPK compared to PD (167.75 g) and control (129.75 g), while A. spinosus had 179.75 g treated with NPK compared to control (162.75 g) and PD (135.75g). The control had high total dry weight of 35.50g from A. spinosus and 28.50g from A. cruentus. This study showed that NPK applied 4g/5kg soil gave the best performances in growth, fresh and dry matter yield in A. cruentus when compared to A. spinosus. Heavy metals result showed that Cd concentration was not detected in soil, root and shoot samples of A. cruentus and A. spinosus. Chromium levels were within the FAO/WHO (2001) tolerance level (Cr = 0.2 mg/kg), while concentrations of Pb were exceedingly higher in root and shoot samples of A. cruentus and A. spinosus above the permissible level (Pb = 0.3 mg/kg) in NPK treatments than poultry droppings. The HRI of Cr for A cruentus in root was<1 in poultry droppings and NPK 15:15:15, while Pb >1 in poultry dropping treatments of root and shoot. Consumption of vegetables with remarkably high contents of Pb especially in NPK 15:15:15 plots and high values of the Health Risk Index in poultry droppings should be well considered by the populace. Monitoring of vegetables grown on both organic and mineral fertilizers is required for quality food and safety.Item The eye of the chiropterologist: phenotypic versus genotypic identification of bats(Wiley, 2025) Dami, F. D.; Adeyanju, T. E.; Chaskda, A. A.; Okpanachi, I. M.; Adeyanju, A. T.; Ezekiel, S. M.; Gwom, T.; Iniunam, I. A.; Hitch, A.; Pam, D. D.; Luka, P.; Weaver, S. C.; Paessler, S.; Cross, R. W.; Shehu, N.Bats are a diverse and ecologically important group of mammals that play critical roles in ecosystems. Accurate identification is necessary to comprehend bat species' ecology and behavior to further the conservation of bats. Both phenotypic and genotypic methods have been used for bat identification, but their relative effectiveness remains unclear in the Afrotropics. This study compared the advantages and limitations of phenotypic and genotypic identification of bats to improve and ensure effective bat species identification. Bats were captured using mist nets within protected and unprotected areas in different vegetation zones in Nigeria. Morphological identification of all captured bats was done using the guide, Mammals of Africa. Genotypic identification was done by extracting genomic DNA and Sanger sequencing of the generated mtDNA PCR amplicons. We then compared the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the phenotypic to the genotypic outcomes of our identification. We trapped 91 bats, and the phenotypic identification of 90 individual species showed sensitivity ranges between 68% and 100%, except for Glauconycteris spp., whose sensitivity was low (14%). The specificity was generally good for all species > 96%. Phenotypic identification is accurate and reliable for most trapped bat species (Epomorphorus gambianus, Scotophilus spp., Micropteropus pusillus, Rhinolophus spp., Roussettus aegyptiacus, and Chaerephon spp.). However, phenotypic identification reveals its limitations in some bat species such as Banana pipistrellus and Glauconycteris spp., which had more variable results from their genetic characterization. Epomorphorus gambianus and Micropteropus pusillus had no distinct genetic differentiation in their mtDNA. This highlights the importance of using multiple methods for bat identification to ensure the most accurate results.Item Dichlorvos (2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate DDVP (SNIPER)) Toxicity on Histological Organs of Wistar Rats Fed on Treated Cowpea Grains (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)(Macrothink Institute, 2022) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adebimpe, R. A.; Adebiyi, E. O.; Oshoke, F. I.Cowpea is an important grain legume that provides half of the plant protein and is consumed worldwide. The crop is usually affected by pests on the field and in storage which always result in huge losses, hence being controlled by using synthetic pesticides. However, consumption of cowpea grains treated with synthetic pesticides had resulted in bioaccumulation and several health-related problems. Therefore, this study examined the toxic effects of Dichlorvos (DDVP) treated cowpea grains fed to Wistar rats for four weeks. Sixteen male rats weighing 125±20g were used for this experiment. They were randomly divided into four groups of four rats each including the control and acclimatised for one week fed with Standard Feed Ratio (SFR). The DDVP (98% purity) was applied at the rates of 0 (control), 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43mL/kg directly to 1kg cowpea grains of IT 89k-391, respectively. Treated cowpea grains were milled (with a 2 mm sieve) and mixed with SFR and fed to the animals daily for four weeks. Data were collected weeks after treatment (WAT) on feed intake, body weight gain/loss, hematology, and, serum chemistry and analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05, while histopathology was examined. Results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all the parameters. There was a reduction in feed intake and body weights progressively in DDVP cowpea treated animals, while the control animals increased. Hematological parameters showed 0.23 mL/kg DDVP recording the highest hemoglobin (g/dl) (17.00±1.16), while the lowest value in white blood cells (1100±5.78 x 103/μL), and 0.43 mL/kg recorded the lowest and highest red blood cells (103/μL) (5.34±0.78) and (8.83±0.23) all between 1 and 4 WAT. Serum parameters revealed Total protein having lowest values (5.22±0.01, 5.13±0.01, 5.18±0.01) from 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43 mL/kg DDVP treated animals. Alkaline phosphate, Aspartate aminotransferase, and Alanine transaminase recorded the highest values from 0.43 and 0.33 mL/kg treatments at 3 and 4 WAT, respectively. Histopathology at 1 to 4 WAT revealed capillary congestion with necrotic changes, severe cell infiltration of interstitial and parenchyma with inflammatory cells in the kidneys of 0.23, and 0.33 mL/kg DDVP cowpea fed animals. On liver organs, 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43 mL/kg treatments showed necrosis, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, and congestion with distinct cysts and granular formation. The central portions of livers were pale and distinct patterns of arrangement in cords were absent. However, the control animals recorded the highest values in the aforementioned parameters with clear and normal liver and kidney organs in the experiment. In this study, varied changes observed on the hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological parameters at 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43 mL/kg dichlorvos (DDVP) treated cowpea grains could result in impairment of vital organs, hence ill health issues. Continued use of dichlorvos for cowpea grains in preservation should be discouraged to prevent health problems and promote high-quality nutrition and safe food.Item Assessment of Thevetia neriifolia Juss. Toxicity as a Rodenticide in Wistar Rats(Macrothink Institute, 2022) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adebiyi, G. F.; Fashola, E. I.; Gbemibade, T. A; Ogunwole, O. A.Problems of rodents cannot be over underlined as a household and agricultural pest, damaging the crops on the field and stored produce thereby reducing qualities of produce. Controlling rodents using physical, biological and chemical methods have resulted in a slow rate success, several dangers on humans, animals and environment, hence they are discouraged. Thevetia neriifolia has been found to be a rich source of pesticide substance that could be used in crop protection; thus, its powdered form could be used as a baseline for potential natural rodenticide bait. The rodenticide capability of Thevetia neriifolia was evaluated using 50 female Wistar rats weighing 80±10 g which were acclimatized for seven days. The rats were allotted to ten treatments, each replicated five times. There was a Standard Reference Feed (diet) (SRF). The test samples were milled (with 2 mm sieve) sun-dried seed (SS), sun-dried leaf (SL) and sun-dried stem bark (SB). Each sample was incorporated at 15%, 30% and 45% into the reference diets. The allotments were in a completely randomized design. Experimental rats were fed with separate diets and supplied water ad-libitum for seven days. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in all the parameters. Rats on SS and SB at 45% inclusion levels had the lowest body weight reduction. Also, the lowest feed intake was observed in rats fed 45% SS, while those on 15% SL and SRF had the highest feed intake. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin were the only hematological parameters that differed significantly (p<0.05) at 15% and 45% SL inclusion levels. The serum biochemical parameters were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Organ sections (livers, hearts and kidneys) showed moderate congestion of sinusoids, multiple foci of mononuclear cells and congestion of renal blood vessels of rats on 45% SS inclusion level. No mortality or abnormal behavioural changes were observed among animals on SRF. Varying dietary inclusion levels of test samples resulted in rat mortalities which was attributed to cardiac glycosides. Rats on 45% SS died faster within 96 hours than those on corresponding inclusion levels of SB and SL which died after 216 hours. Therefore, Thevetia neriifolia has rodenticide capability and could be used as baits for rats.Item Predictors of West African urban bird species richness and composition(Wiley, 2022) Adegbola, F. O.; Ayodele, I. A.; Iwajomo, S. A.; Adeyanju, T. A.Urbanisation and its associated habitat loss and fragmentation are considered a major threat to wildlife. In this study, we assessed the predictors of bird species abundance, richness and composition within 70 cells of 500 m by 500 m spread across the five urban areas constituting Ibadan metropolis. A total of 4167 individuals of 55 species belonging to 30 families were recorded. We report that Laughing dove Streptopelia senegalensis, Speckled pigeon Columba guinea and Yellow-billed kite Milvus aegyptius contributed to a greater proportion of bird abundance across sites and Columbidae was the most abundant bird family. Bird species richness increased significantly with tree abundance but decreased significantly with the number of pedestrians. Similarly, foraging guild richness declined significantly with the number of pedestrians. Granivores and scavengers constituted the most abundant foraging guilds. Areas with high pedestrians' traffic were associated with fewer trees and were dominated by fewer numbers of species belonging to a few foraging guilds. This is likely because such areas offer limited foraging opportunities or cover from potential predators. We conclude that improving urban landscape characteristics through revegetation, establishment of green spaces and buffering from human disturbance will improve the composition and richness of avian species in the Ibadan metropolis.Item Human–Bat Relationships in Southwestern Nigerian Communities(Routledge; Taylor & Francis group, 2023) Adeyanju, T. E.; Alarape, A. A.; Musila, S.; Adeyanju, A. T.; Omotoriogun, T. C.; Medina-Jerez, W.; Yellow, U. E.; Prokop, P.Bat species and their populations are declining globally due to a variety of anthropogenic activities. Human activities, motivated by negative attitudes toward, perceptions of, and poor knowledge and appreciation of these animals, have a major effect on their conservation. Thus, it is important to improve our understanding of bat–human interactions to help design appropriate bat conservation measures. We investigated human–bat interactions in a sample (n =423) of people living around the Omo Forest Reserve and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Southwestern Nigeria. People who considered themselves more vulnerable to disease transmission from bats held more negative perceptions of and beliefs about bats. A major finding in this study suggests that respondents’ perceived vulnerability to diseases from bats did not correlate with destructive behaviors toward bats. Participants with a low level of education intentionally killed more bats than those with a higher level of education. The majority of the participants did not appreciate the role of bats in ecosystems and had a poor understanding of bats’ niche in nature and the resulting benefits for humans. We suggest that positive messages that neutralize superstition and myths and highlight the role of bats in ecosystems are urgently needed. They could lead to behavioral changes that benefit bats.Item Evaluation of Poultry manure and Cow dung (Soil amendments) on Solanum lycopersicum L. planted on spent oil polluted soil(Macrothink Institute, 2021) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Isienyi, N. C.; Aigbokha, F. O.; Adediran, A. A.Pollution from Spent Lubricating Oil (SLO) is one of the major problems farmers encounter in Nigeria. The study is a completely randomized design with Ibadan Local tomato seedlings grown on the following treatments: 0 ml SLO (control), 75ml SLO, 35g of poultry-manure + 75ml SLO, 35g of cow-dung + 75ml SLO, and 4g of NPK + 75ml SLO replicated four times. Physico-chemical parameters of the soil, poultry manure (PM) and cow-dung (CD), heavy metals, and Total-Petroleum-Hydrocarbon (TPH) were determined before and after pollution using standard procedures. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into pots of amended soil with SLO (5 kg/2 plants) and monitored till maturity. Data were taken on growth, yield parameters and analyzed using ANOVA (p<0.05). Results showed significant differences among the treatments. The soil textural class was sandy-loamy with pH (7.2). Tomato in control plots had the highest values 48.30cm plant-height (PH), number-of-leaves (82.63) (NOL), number-of-fruits (0.98) (NOFR) and fresh-weight (0.55g) (FW). Tomato plants grown on CD amended had the lowest 14.40 cm PH, SLO at 75 ml had 6.00 and 1.71cm for NOL and SD, respectively. The NOFR 0.70 value was from PM amended, FW 0.10g was from SLO at 75ml. Heavy-metals bioaccumulation ranges were: Cu 3.00- 36.61mg/kg and Zn 15.00-303.79mg/kg. The final TPHs ranged from 181.66 -1350.00mg/kg, while % TPH removal ranged from 4.69- 53.18%. Cow-dung treated soil reduced the amount of copper and zinc present compared with spent oil soil. The growth performance of tomatoes in this study suggests that soil amendment should be encouraged.