FACULTY OF PHARMACY

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450 Barriers and enablers to medication deprescribing among older patients attending a geriatric clinic in southwestern nigeria: a cross-sectional study
(2023) Akande-Sholabi W.; Ajilore C. O.; Olowookere O.O; Adebusoye L.A
Introduction: Polypharmacy is an increasing health problem, leading to rise in morbidity and mortality, especially among older patients. De prescribing has been recommended for managing polypharmacy, but deprescribing medication in older patients is still uncommon (1). Safe deprescribing interventions can reduce exposure to inappropriate polypharmacy among older patients. However, few empirical data exist on the barriers and enablers to medication deprescribing among older patients in sub-Saharan African countries. Aim: This study aimed to assess the barriers and enablers of medication deprescribing among older patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 415 older patients aged ≥60 years, selected consecutively at the geriatric clinic in a Tertiary Hospital was carried out between May and July 2022. An interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on their socio-demographic characteristics, and barriers and enablers
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(2019-05) Valantine
A New Method for the Microdetermination of Para Aminophenol in Generic Brands of Paracetamol Tablets
(Taylor & Francis Group,, 2019) Adegoke, O. A.; Thomas, O. E.; Amao, S. A.; Agboola, S. O.; Omotosho, A. E.
In Nigeria, paracetamol is readily available in several retail outlets where the conditions of storage can be poor leading to elevated levels of para-aminophenol (PAP), which is known to be nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic. However, the routine analysis of PAP is mostly by chromatographic separation which requires expensive instrumentation not often available in developing countries. The objective of this research was to develop a sensitive colorimetric method for the quantification of PAP in paracetamol. The method was based on the diazo coupling reaction between diazotised PAP and chromotropic acid. Various reaction parameters critical for optimal detector response were optimized. The validation of the new method was done following the determination of parameters including repeatability, reproducibility and selectivity using current ICH guidelines. The new method was also applied to the assay of PAP in 14 paracetamol tablet samples. The calibration was linear between 0.0297 and 0.2229 mg/mL at 470nm with limits of detection and quantification of 0.0061 and 0.0185 mg/mL, respectively. The recovery was in the range of 95.96 and 102.21 while intra- and inter-day precisions at three different concentrations did not exceed 4.03%. The new method was successfully applied to quantify PAP in paracetamol with percent content varying from 0.14 to 0.21%w/w. A simple and reliable method for the quantification of PAP has been developed and successfully employed to report, for the first time, the presence of the degradation product at levels beyond the allowable limits in paracetamol dosage forms in Nigeria.
A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of gabapentin usingchromotropic acid
(Istanbul Medipol University, 2018) Adegbolagun, O. M.; Thomas, O. E.; Aiyenale, E. O.; Adegoke, O.A.
The purpose was to develop a colorimetric method for determining gabapentin. The method was based on the diazo coupling reaction between diazotized gabapentin and chromotropic acid. The method was validated using ICH guidelines before its application to generic brands of gabapentin. Coupling reaction generated an orange azo adduct whose absorbance was linearly correlated with concentration in the range of 1-6 μg/mL at 470 nm. The method was accurate and precise with recovery range of 97.6-103.1%; intra- and inter-day precisions (%RSD) were less than 0.65% and showed no statistical difference when compared with reference method in the analysis of the dosage forms. The 3D optimization of the adduct revealed an E-type configuration around the azo linkage which would contribute to its stability. The new method can serve as a reliable alternative to the official method for the routine analysis of gabapentin in bulk and dosage forms.
A preliminary investigation of prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases among enterobacteriaceae isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan, Nigeria
(Nigeria Association of Pharmacists in Academia (NAPA), 2015) Ayeni, F. A.; Olujobi, O. F.; Alabi, O. S.
Background: -Antibiotic resistance and extended spectrum beta–lactamase (ESBL) producing enterobacteriaceae are global health concerns and major problems for the treatment of different infections caused by enterobacteriaceae. Objective: -This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of phenotypically identified ESBL producers in enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from poultry farms in Ibadan. Material and Methods: Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from faecal samples of 45 chickens from 3 farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. The E. coli strains in the isolates were identified by biochemical methods. The susceptibility of all enterobacteriaceae strains to selected β lactam antibiotics were tested by disc diffusion method. ESBL production was tested by double disk synergy test and MIC determination (8–512 μg/ml) Results: - A total of 40 Enterobacteriaceae strains were isolated and 20 of the strains were identified as E. coli while 20 were tagged other Enterobacteriaceae strains. The E. coli strains were generally susceptible to tested antibiotics while other Enterobacteriaceae were relatively resistant. All the tested Enterobacteriacea were susceptible to cefepine. 15% of E.coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulaniz and 38.9% of other Enterobacteriaceace isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. 5% of E. coli strains and 25% of other Enterobacteriaceae produced ESBL with concentration range of ˂8 μg/ml and >512μg/ml for antibiotics used singly and in combination with clavulanic acid respectively. Conclusions: - This study showed low occurrence of ESBL in E. coli strains but relatively high occurrence in other Enterobacteriaceae in poultries in Ibadan, Nigeria.. Therefore, there is need to control the use of antibiotics in poultry feeds and livestock production.
A study of bacteriological quality of street-hawked milk in Ilesha Metroplolis, Osun State, Nigeria
(Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawan, B. M.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Coker, E. M.
Milk, a nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals, contains low bacterial counts when it leaves the udder, but it may get contaminated from the environment, exterior of udder, water, soil, milkers’ hands and utensils. Contamination can serve as a source of spread of certain harmful human bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis and food poisoning if consumed in raw form. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate bacteriological quality of milk samples collected from various localities within Ilesha metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty (20) samples of fresh raw milk were collected in sterilized bottles from various nomadic milk hawkers in Ilesha. Methylene blue reductase test, standard plate count on standard plate count agar and isolation of possible pathogens using selective culture media was carried out on the samples. RESULTS Of the 20 samples of raw milk collected for bacteriological analysis, 3 samples were found to be of excellent quality, 5 were very good, 4 were good, 5 were fair and 3 were of poor quality. The actual standard plate count for excellent and very good quality ranged between 33-54 and 62 - 80 colony forming units (cfu). The organisms isolated and biochemically characterized from the raw milk samples were found contaminated with Escherichia coli (4 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (5 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (3 strains) and Enterobacter aerogenes (5 strains). CONCLUSION The results obtained from this study showed that the milk sold in raw form could be hazardous to human health if sold without adopting hygienic measures.
A study of bacteriological quality of street-hawked milk in Ilesha metropolis Osun State, Nigeria
(Kenya Medical Research Institute, 2021) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Ojieabu, W. A.; Coker, E. M.
INTRODUCTION: Milk, a nutrient-rich liquid food produced in the mammary glands of mammals, contains low bacterial counts when it leaves the udder, but it may get contaminated from the environment, exterior of udder, water, soil, milkers’ hands and utensils. Contamination can serve as a source of spread of certain harmful human bacterial diseases like tuberculosis, diphtheria, salmonellosis and food poisoning if consumed in raw form. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate bacteriological quality of milk samples collected from various localities within Ilesha metropolis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty (20) samples of fresh raw milk were collected in sterilized bottles from various nomadic milk hawkers in Ilesha. Methylene blue reductase test, standard plate count on standard plate count agar and isolation of possible pathogens using selective culture media was carried out on the samples. RESULTS: Of the 20 samples of raw milk collected for bacteriological analysis, 3 samples were found to be of excellent quality, 5 were very good, 4 were good, 5 were fair and 3 were of poor quality. The actual standard plate count for excellent and very good quality ranged between 33-54 and 62 - 80 colony forming units (cfu). The organisms isolated and biochemically characterized from the raw milk samples were found contaminated with Escherichia coli (4 strains), Staphylococcus aureus (8 strains), Streptococcus pyogenes (5 strains), Streptococcus agalactiae (3 strains) and Enterobacter aerogenes (5 strains). CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study showed that the milk sold in raw form could be hazardous to human health if sold without adopting hygienic measures.
A Study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Ayedun, J. S.
Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter variedbetween 2.28x104 and 4.20x107. The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates;Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) andPseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from thisstudy to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.
A study of microbial infestation of currency notes in circulation from selected handlers with specific professions in Sagamu community of Ogun State.
(Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Burkina Faso, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Alao, I. O.; Adeyemo, O. M.
Bacteria are ubiquitous and the ease of survival, adaptation and transmission of some nutritionally non-exacting species amongst the microbes had made it a force to be reckoned with. This study evaluated bacterial contaminants on selected naira denomination, officially recognized currency of transaction in circulations and determined the resistance of the isolates to conventional antibiotic in use. A total of 160 samples of currency notes 20 each of 8 existing denomination were collected from selected subjects of various professions for bacteriological examination and antibiogram determination with a view to identifying possible risk factors associated with these contaminated notes. Equal percentage of polymers to paper currency was collected, the microbial load was found to be higher in lower denominations irrespective of their polymer status. The total bacterial count per milliliter varied between 2.28x104 and 4.20x107 . The ratios of percentage distributions of isolates; Staphylococcus aureus (36.8%), Escherichia coli (31.5%), Bacillus spp (3.7%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.5%) and varied resistance to antibiotics used were recorded. The alarming resistance of bacterial of clinical status obtained from this study to conventional antibiotics, serves an indication of potential threat of contaminated currency notes to the public health.
A study of skin sepsis amongst abattoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors, University College Hospital, Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.
Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between the infection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.
A study of skin sepsis amongst abbatoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors (ARD), University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.
Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus . It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between theinfection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.
Acetylated starch of ofada rice as a sustained release polymer in microsphere formulations of repaglinide
(Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria, 2015) Okunlola, A.; Ogunkoya, T. O.
Background: Acetylated starches with degrees of substitution (DS) of > 2 have been found suitable for sustained release applications because of their hydrophobic nature and thermoplasticity. The short half-life and high dosing frequency of repaglinide make it an ideal candidate for sustained release. Objectives: To formulate and evaluate repaglinide microspheres using acetylated starch of the indigenous rice species Oryza glaberrima Steud (Ofada) as polymer. Materials and Methods: Ofada rice starch was acetylated with acetic anhydride in pyridine (DS 2.68) and characterized for morphology (Scanning electron microscope, SEM), Crystallinity (Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction crystallography, XRD), density and swelling. Microspheres of repaglinide were prepared by emulsification solvent-evaporation method, varying the drug-polymer ratio (1:2, 1:4, 1:8 and 1:10) and polymer type (ethyl cellulose as standard). Microspheres were characterized for particle size, wall thickness, swelling, entrapment efficiency, time taken for 80% drug release (t80) and permeability. Data obtained from in-vitro drug release studies were fitted to various kinetic models. Results: Repaglinide microspheres were near spherical, discrete and of size range 23.45 ± 4.25 to 44.55±3.85 μm. FTIR spectra revealed the absence of drug–polymer interaction and complete drug entrapment. Particle size, swelling, entrapment and wall thickness increased with drug: polymer ratio and were generally higher in microspheres containing acetylated Ofada rice starch while t80 (195±6.60 - 395± 24.75 min) was lower. Drug release fitted the Hixson-Crowell kinetic model. Conclusions: The acetylated starch of Ofada rice was found suitable as a polymer to sustain the release of repaglinide in microsphere formulations.
Alteration in hormonal level and testicular histomorphology in rats treated with alcohol (ALC) and cannabinol (CBN)
(Centre for Enchancing Knowledge, 2019) Akintayo, C. O.; Ajayi, T. O.; Akinsomisoye, S. O.; Faeji, C. O.; Adewumi, A. F.; Akele, Y. R.
This study explores the effects of chronic alcohol and cannabinol exposure on the testosterone levels and the histomorphological integrity/cytoarchitecture of the rats’ testes. Adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (distilled water), methanol (2mg/kg bw), alcohol (3g/kg bw), cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) and alcohol (3g/kg bw) plus cannabinol (10mg/kg bw) groups respectively. Alcohol and cannabinol were administered orally twice daily for 52 days (spermatogenic cycle in rats) and at the end of treatment, male reproductive organ (testis) was removed and cleared of adherent tissue and then fixed for histological examination. Blood samples were collected via retro-orbital sinus for hormone (testosterone) assay. Serum testosterone levels were measured using the enzyme immunoassay (E.I.A.) technique. Hormonal assay showed significant reductions in the levels of testosterone (T) (p < 0.05) in the alcohol alone, cannabinol alone and in the alcohol plus cannabinol treated groups. The Histological analysis of the treated groups showed severe reduction of the spermatogenic cells. The present study showed that following chronic alcohol and/or cannabinol administration the results showed significant reduction (p<0.05) in testosterone levels and a detrimental effect on the histomorphology of the testes. Alcohol and/or cannabinol therefore exhibit inhibitory effects causing inhibition of testosterone as observed in this study.
Ameliorative Effect of Javiscum® and Ficus Exasperata on Nw – Nitro- L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-Name)-Induced Dyslipidemia in Wistar Rats
(Society for Experimental Biology of Nigeria, 2022) Ajayi, T. O.; Alaka, H. O.; Akintayo, C. O.; Kayode, A. B.; Ojo, O. A.
The term "cardiovascular diseases" (CVDs) refers to a variety of heart and blood vessel conditions. It is the main factor in close to 30% of all fatalities worldwide and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. CVDs have emerged as an important health problem all over the world but the dependence on conventional drugs for management has been plagued with toxicity and inconsistency as side effects while alternative intervention is gradually gaining acceptance. Hence the present work sought to compare and evaluate the effects of methanol extract of Javiscum®(JV), a polyherbal formulation and a single herbal formulation Ficus exasperata (FE) on serum lipids, and liver enzymes of Nw –nitro- L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treated rats. Adult male Wistar rats were grouped into 9 (n=6). Control group I was administered distilled water. Group II, with L-NAME (40 mg/kg body weight), group III, L-NAME and amlodipine 5 mg/kg per body weight while groups IV, V, VI were administered L-NAME (40 mg/kg) and treated with 400, 200, 100 mg/kg of JV. Groups VII, VIII and IX were administered L-NAME (40 mg/kg) and treated with 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg of FE extract respectively. Animals were weighed, and blood samples, collected after 28 days after models from previous researchers. The lipid profile, serum nitric oxide and liver enzyme levels, were evaluated by standard methods. L-NAME was observed to reduce body weights, nitric oxide concentration and High-density lipoprotein (HDLc), but increased liver enzymes Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol and triglycerides. JV at 400 mg/kg elicited the highest reversal of L-NAME effects on nitric oxide level. JV and FE at 200 mg/kg were able to significantly (p˂ 0.05) reduce the concentration of AST when compared to L-NAME treated group. 2 F. exasperata and Javiscum®, reversed the negative effects of L-NAME, thereby validating the use of these herbals in CVD management. The activities of JV and FE revealed that a polyherbal formulation may not necessarily confer a more significant activity as generally believed. Isolation and characterisation of the constituents responsible for activities may be templates for newer CVD drug discovery.
Anthelmintic principles from the tuberous roots of Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdcourt (Papilonaceae)
(Chemical Society of Nigeria (CSN), 2018) Lasisi, A. A.; Adeyi, E. O.; Adebisi, S. A.; Idowu, M. O.
In Nigeria, Neorautanenia mitis is used for treating intestinal parasites caused by tapeworm. Pulverised tuber of N. mitis was exhaustively and successively extracted using the n-hexane, chloroform and MeOH. Extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for anthelmintic activity against dwarf tapeworms (Hymenolysis nana) and the larva of hookworm using the in vivo and in vitro models. In-vivo anthelmintic activity of the crude n-hexane, CHCl3 and MeOH extracts of N. mitis exhibited 100 % paralysis of the worms at 100 mg/kg. LD50 of the cude extracts and Albendazole (anthelmintic drug) were 188. 5 and 45.25 µg/mL respectively. Isolated compounds from N. mitis: Neoraudiol (1), neoduline (2), neotenone (3), rautandiol (4), pachyrrhizine (5) and 12a-hydroxy neotenone (6) displayed concentration-dependent anthelmintic activities against the tapeworm (Taenia solium) at 25, 50, 80 and 100 mg/mL. Structure-activity relationship was established. The results of the study provide scientific justification for the use of N. mitis in combating anthelminthes in Nigeria.
Anthelmintic principles from the tuberous roots of Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdcourt – Papilonaceae
(Chemical Society of Nigeria, 2018) Lasisi, A. A.; Adeyi, E. O.; Adebisi, S. A.; Idowu, M. O.
In Nigeria, Neorautanenia mitis is used for treating intestinal parasites caused by tapeworm. Pulverised tuber of N. mitis was exhaustively and successively extracted using the n-hexane, chloroform and MeOH. Extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for anthelmintic activity against dwarf tapeworms (Hymenolysis nana) and the larva of hookworm using the in vivo and in vitro models. In-vivo anthelmintic activity of the crude n-hexane, CHCl3 and MeOH extracts of N. mitis exhibited 100 % paralysis of the worms at 100 mg/kg. LD50 of the cude extracts and Albendazole (anthelmintic drug) were 188. 5 and 45.25 μg/mL respectively. Isolated compounds from N. mitis: Neoraudiol (1), neoduline (2), neotenone (3), rautandiol (4), pachyrrhizine (5) and 12a-hydroxy neotenone (6) displayed concentration-dependent anthelmintic activities against the tapeworm (Taenia solium) at 25, 50, 80 and 100 mg/mL. Structure-activity relationship was established. The results of the study provide scientific justification for the use of N. mitis in combating anthelminthes in Nigeria.
ANTI-DIABETIC AND ANTI-OXIDANT EVALUATION OF ANTHOCLEISTA DJALONENSIS A. CHEV AND ANTHOCLEISTA VOGELII PLANCH
(2014-12) OLUBOMEHIN, O. O.
Diabetes a major degenerative disease of global concern accounts for about 3.2 million deaths annually. Alpha-amylase inhibitors from plants are effective in managing postprandial hyperglycaemia which is significant in Type 2 diabetes. Search for natural anti-oxidants has increased recently because free radicals production has been linked to a number of diseases including diabetes. Anthocleista djalonensis and Anthocleista vogelii are used traditionally in Nigeria and parts of Africa to treat diabetes. This study was aimed at evaluating the α-amylase inhibition, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic effects of extracts and compounds of both plants to verify their traditional use. The leaves, stem bark and roots of both plants were collected along Ijebu-Ode – Benin road and authenticated at the Herbarium of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. The plant samples were macerated in 80% aqueous methanol for 72 h. Each crude extract, suspended in water: methanol (4:1) was partitioned into ethyl acetate. The crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaves and stem bark of both plants were subjected to in vitro α-amylase inhibition assay with acarbose as positive control. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl with α-tocopherol as control, while anti-diabetic properties of the crude extracts were studied in vivo using 45 albino wistar rats (150-200 g) of both sexes. The rats were made diabetic with 80 mg/kg of alloxan and treated with the extracts (1 g/kg) for seven days; glibenclamide 2.5 mg/kg was used as reference. Blood glucose levels (BGL) were monitored daily. Bioassay-guided fractionation and chromatographic methods were used to isolate active compounds from the ethyl acetate fractions of both plants. Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques: infra-red, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (one-dimensional and two-dimensional). Data were analysed statistically using ANOVA at p<0.001. Anthocleista djalonensis leaf and stem bark crude extracts gave highest α-amylase inhibition of 42.8% and 41% with their ethyl acetate fractions also producing the highest α-amylase inhibition of 50.0% and 36.6% at 1.0 mg/mL while acarbose gave 54.9%. The crude extract and ethyl acetate fraction of A. vogelii leaf gave 80.7% and 87.4% inhibitions at 1.0 mg/mL in the anti-oxidant assay while α-tocopherol gave 89.5%. Peak reduction in BGL was observed for A. djalonensis stem bark and leaf crude extracts at 72.6% and 45.7% on day-6 of treatment while the stem bark and leaf extracts of A. vogelii gave 68.9% and 60.4%, respectively on day-7. The root extracts of both plants also caused peak reduction in BGL at 48.5% on day-7 while glibenclamide had 57.4%. Bioassay-guided fractionation furnished djalonenol, a monoterpene diol with a significant α-amylase inhibition of 53.7% from fraction 11 of the stem bark of A. djalonensis and decussatin, a xanthone with significant inhibition of 78.0% from fraction 5 of the leaves and stem bark of A .vogelii. The presence of α-amylase inhibitors, djalonenol and decussatin from both plants makes them important in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and could be responsible for their anti-diabetic effect. Anthocleista vogelii could be a source of anti-oxidant compounds.
Anti-Inflamatory and analgesic activities of securidaca longepedunculata fers (Polygalaceae) leaf and stem bark methanolic extract
(2014-09) Alafe, A. O.; Elufioye, T. O.; Faborode, O. S; Moody, J. O.
Securidaca longepedunculata Fers (Polygalaceae) is commonly used in many parts of Africa for the treatment of rheumatic conditions, fever, headache and various other inflammatory based diseases. The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Securidaca longepedunculata leaf and stem bark methanol extracts using animal model. The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extracts were evaluated using carrageenan induced paw edema in rats while the analgesic activity was determined using acetic acid induced writhing in mice. Both the leaf and stem methanol extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory activity greater than 70% at all doses tested. This activity was dose dependent with the highest being at 800 mg/kg Po and significant at P< 0.05. The analgesic activity of both extract was however below 50%, though comparable with that of aspirin used as the standard. This study has justified the inclusion of Securidaca longepedunculata in remedies used for the management of inflammatory based diseases traditionally.
Anti-inflammatory activity of the Methanol Extracts of Cissus Populnea GUILLS & PERS and Cissus Arguta HOOK. F.
(University of Ibadan, 2022) Ogunmefun, S. A.; Ajayi, T. O.; Moody, J. O.
Inflammation, characterized by pain, heat, swelling, redness, and loss of body function, is a living tissue's initial response to injury. There are ethno-botanical claims made about these plants for their wound-healing abilities which have not been scientifically validated. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of the two related Cissus species. The plant samples (leaf, stem and root) were dried, powdered and extracted with methanol (100%) and concentrated in vacuo and evaporated to dryness at room temperature. The anti-inflammatory activity of the plant extracts was evaluated using the in vitro protein denaturation and carrageenan-induced foot pad assay in chick, Diclofenac sodium as the reference and saline as control. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed in a dose-dependent manner. The phytochemical screening performed on the extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannin, anthraquinone, glycosides, saponin and alkaloid. The leaf extract of C. arguta and the stem extract of C. populnea inhibited protein denaturation with a value of 64.46±0.10 and 53.34±0.04 at 3 mg/mL respectively compared to the control group and diclofenac (52.86±0.00) at 3 mg/mL. All concentrations of extract tested; 10, 30, 100 mg/kg) for in vivo study had a significant effect in reducing total edema (AUC) (P < 0.01), and in most case they performed better than diclofenac. However, root extracts of C. populnea at 30 mg/kg (7.13±1.06) had better result in inhibiting edema in chicks than C. arguta extracts at 30 mg/kg (5.64±0.05). The plants exhibited anti-inflammatory activity which can be of great pharmacological importance.
Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of hippocratea indica root bark and poga oleosa fruits
(2007) Ogbole, O. O.; Ekor, M. N.; Oluremi, B. B.; Ajaiyeoba, E. O.; Gbolade, A. A.; Ayoola, M. A.; Adeyemi, A. A.
The methanolic extracts of Hippocratea indica root bark and Poga oleosa fruits were investigated for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. Both extracts inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema significantly in rats in a dose-dependent manner in 4 h. H. indica inhibited oedema significantly at the minimal dose (125 mg/ml, p< 0.05) from 2 h onward, and gave 100% inhibition in 4 h. at 250 mg/kg. It was shown to be a more potent anti-inflammatory agent than P. oleosa. Also, H. indica extract exhibited greater antimicrobial activity against tested bacteria, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most susceptible bacterium (MIC, 16 mg/ml). Both plants were inactive against Candida albicans. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the two plants.