FACULTY OF PHARMACY

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Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) and some selected conventional antibiotics on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi
(The medical and dental consultant association of Nigeria, OOUTH, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu P. A; Kolade, T. T.
Background: Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of Typhoid fever. The public health significance of Salmonella typhi, the aetiologic agent in typhoid fever lies in the increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi compared with some conventional antibiotics. Methods: Antibiogram was carried out on 25 biochemically confirmed clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Nauclea latifolia leaves extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus were screened for secondary metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by agar dilution method on the isolates Results: The antibiogram of Samonella typhi showed the following resistance patterns: Augmentin® (24.0%), amoxicillin (44.0%), chloramphenicol (32.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cloxacillin (96.0%), ciprofloxacin (8.0%), erythromycin (60.0%), tetracycline (32.0%) and cotrimoxazole (60.0%). The extracts showed good antibacterial activity on the clinical isolates including those resistant to antibiotics. The MIC of methanol extract ranged from 1.56mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml and 3.13mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract with the exceptionof isolates 11, 12, 19 and 20 with high MIC values as 50mg/ml. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave a yield of 11.7% and 3.5% respectively. Bioactive secondary metabolites were detected from the extracts. Conclusion: The crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia contained antimicrobial agents that were active on Salmonella typhi which could be used alone and in supportive with conventional antibiotics for therapeutic management of typhoid fever
Antimicrobial activity of the obromacacao pod husk extract on isolates of trychophyton species from cases of tinea capitisand related keratinized infections
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2020) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Igbokwe, C. O.; Kasim, L. S.; Ike, W. E.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Theobroma cacao pod husk extract on isolates of Trichopyton species; T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, T. rubrum and Microsporum canis from Tinea capitis and keratinized infection in Ibadan. Fifty (50) clinical isolates of Trychophyton species in varied ratios were collected fromdermatology unit of the University College Hospital Ibadan. The isolates were subcultured on to Saboraud Dextrose Agar medium fortified with 0.05mg of chloramphenicol and 0.2mg of cyclohexidime and then incubated aerobically at 25-300C for 72 hours and were biochemically differentiated with Urea broth. Phytochemical analysis of the extract and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC’s) were determined. The gender distribution ratios of the primary source of isolates were 70% males to 30% females. The N-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of the CPH gave a yield of 1.29, 2.05 and 3.89 percent respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methanol ranged from 1.625 -3.125mg/mL, while the MIC‘s range of 12.5-50mg/mL and 0- 12.5mg/mL were recorded for N-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids alkaloids were detected as bioactive compounds from the CPH extract investigated. The presence of bioactive compounds coupled with varied remarkable MIC's values recorded against the isolates in this study, is indicative of an antifungal potential of the cacao pod husk extract investigated.
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from contact lenses of some selected individuals in Calen university, Imota, Lagos State
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2019) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Kotun, B. C.; Kolade, T. T.
Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide, and they can be worn to correct vision, for cosmetic, or therapeutic reasons. This epidemiological study was performed to determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on contact lenses of selected students in Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State. A swab of 100 contact lenses from selected volunteers comprising 43 males and 57 females were collected for microbiological examination. Sterile swab sticks moistened with sterile distilled water were used to aseptically swab the lenses and transferred into nutrient broth followed by incubation for 5 hours. Thereafter, the resultant broth culture was subcultured on to cetrimide nutrient agar and incubated at 370C for 24 hours for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 30 (30%) of the contact lenses sampled were found to have Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of which 13(43.3%) of the isolates were pigmented and 17( 56.7%) were non-pigmented. Eighty percent (80%) of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 75% to gentamicin while 50% were susceptible to ofloxacin. The isolates were 90% resistant to nitrofurantoin, 75% resistant to augmentin and 100% to ampicillin. Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in this study and could be of therapeutic relevance for the management of contact lenses mediated infections.
Bacteriological Evaluation of Well Water Samples from Selected Community Markets in Ijebu-Remo Axis of Ogun State
(Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, 2019) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Kolade, T. T.
The quality of portable water and treatment of water borne diseases are critical public health issue. This study was carried out in Ijebu-Remo communities-axis of Ogun State to evaluate the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of in-situ community market well water for the presence of coliforms and other associated potential pathogens. A total of 24 wells from selected 6 market locations were examined. They were found to be laden with coliforms, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella in varying percentage. The potential hydrogen concentrations of the 24 wells examined were acidic with the exception of 2 wells with a pH 7. The total viable count varied between 7×106 to 47.5 ×106. Though the regressive analysis to determine the significance of the extrinsic and intrinsic values of the sampled water extends beyond the P-values≤0.5, the total viable count from the 24 well water sampled were grossly contaminated. Therefore, the water is unsafe for drinking to avoid water borne infection of unpredictable magnitudes.
Prevalence of extended spectrum βeta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State.
(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2017) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Odeleye, F. O.
Background: Extended spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESβLs) are variants of beta lactamase enzymes that are capable of hydrolyzing broader spectrum of beta-lactams antibiotics. The enzymes have mutation in the gene at the active site that is believed to be the cause of high Beta lactamase activity. ESβL mediate resistance to all third generation cephalosporins, including monobactams. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Escherichia coli from patients presenting with cases of urinary tract infection at Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital between April and June 2016. Method: Urine samples from cases of UTI were centrifuged and the subnatants were diluted serially up to 10 5 with sterile distilled water. A loopful of each of the last two dilutions was streaked on a plate of sterile Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar. The plates were incubated at 370C for 24 hrs. Plates that elicited growth were sub-cultured and stored for further use. Gram staining and conventional biochemical tests including indole, citrate utilization, hydrogen sulphide utilization, nitrate, catalase and urease tests were conducted on selected distinct colonies with green metallic sheen on the EMB culture plate. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc-diffusion method. ESBL detection was done by using the double-disc synergy test. An antibiotic disc of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Oxoid, UK) was placed at the center of the plate and discs containing Ceftazidime (CAZ - 30μg) (Oxoid, UK), Ceftriaxone (CRO - 30μg) Aztreonam (ATM - 30μg) were sited 0.2cm equidistant from the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid disc. After aerobic incubation at 37ºC for 18 hours, a clear extension of the edge of the growth inhibition zone of the cephalosporins towards amoxicillin-clavulanic acid disc was measured and used as positive index of ESβL production. Results: Of the 100 urine samples examined, 79 (79%) isolates of Escherichia coli were detected by conventional biochemical tests of which 30 (38%) isolates were found to exhibit ESβL production. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates elicited highest susceptibility to ofloxacin (90%), gentamicin (87%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (53%). A progressive decrease in sensitivity to cefixime (60%) and cefuroxime (27%) – a cephalosporinase effect was recorded. Conclusion: Judicious use of antibiotics is more important to prevent infections by these resistant organisms in the community coupled with awareness by microbiologists and clinicians serving the community as key to early detection and appropriate treatment of patients affected by ESβL producing Escherichia coli.
Evaluation of antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria from locally sourced yoghurts on isolates of Candida albicans from cases of vaginitis
(Cameroon Academy of Sciences, 2024) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Babalola, C. O.; Kotun, B. C.; Ayedun, J. S.; Adesanya, A. A.; Kolade, T. T.; Iloka, B. C.
This study assessed antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria from locally made yoghurts on isolates of candida albicans from cases of vaginitis. Locally sourced yoghurt samples were cultured on MRS agar and incubated anaerobically at optimum temperature for the isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria. The pH and total viable counts parameters of the isolates from the samples were determined. Isolates of Candida albicans from cases of vaginitis collected were biochemically confirmed after SDA plated. The isolates were exposed to antifungal agents with varied concentrations and thereafter, challenged with Lactic Acid Bacteria laden yoghurt samples prepared in varied concentration on MRS agar over-layered with SDA. Plasmid DNA of the LAB isolates were determined. The isolates of Candida albicans exhibited 100% resistance to conventional antifungal agents exposed with the exception of Candida albicans 1 that were susceptible to all the antifungal agents while Candida albicans 4 was susceptible to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and nystatin. Three(3) of the four (4) isolates of Candida albicans challenged with Habib (LABHAY) and Tunik (LAB TY ) yoghurt were 100% susceptible the LAB laden yoghurt samples while Candida albicans isolates 3 (Ca3) were (100%) resistant to LABHAY and LAB TY. Of the four (4) isolates of Candida albicans were(100%) susceptible to Cedaar (LABCY) and Fan milk(LABFM) yoghurt and while Candida albicans isolates number 3 (Ca3) exhibited resistance to LABCY and LABFM. Lactic Acid Bacteria in this study, exhibited remarkable antifungal activity on Candida albicans isolates from cases of vaginitis. This property could be exploited as a bio-protective and therapeutic option, for cases of Candida albicans and fungi with related features.
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of Usteria guineensis and Sphaerocoryne gracilipes on pathogens and ESBL-producing Escherichia coli
(West Bengal, India, 2024) Idowu, P. A.; Amali, E. D.; Okunye, O. L.; Adeyemo, E. O.
Antibiotic resistance of microbial pathogens has become a threat to public health, with observed increase in outbreak of infections, therapeutic failure, morbidity and mortality. Pathogenic Escherichia coli and other extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria causes serious health challenges due to antimicrobial resistance. This has caused an increasing research on medicinal plants as a source of alternative potential therapeutic agents. In this study, antimicrobial activity of Usteria guineensis (UG) and Sphaerocoryne gracilipes (SG) was investigated on standard organisms and clinical isolates of ESBL-producing E. coli. The leaves of Usteria guineensis and Sphaerocoryne gracilipes were extracted using methanol. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the medicinal plants according to standard procedure. The clinical isolates of E. coli were screened for the production of ESBL using double disc synergy test, with E. coli ATCC 25922 as standard. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine antibacterial activity of the extracts at 100 and 25 mg/mL while Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were assessed using broth micro-dilution method. Statistical analysis was done using ANNOVA. The two plants contain cardiac glycoside, alkaloids and saponin and 11/15 (80%) of the E. coli isolates show the production of the ESBL. The extracts of the two plants showed antibacterial activity against ESBL E. coli with zone of inhibition ranging between 11 to 18 mm for Usteria guineensis and 12 to 15 mm for Sphaerocoryne gracilipes. The MIC of the extracts ranged between 0.78 to 50 mg/mL and MBC from 12.5 to >50 mg/mL for the ESBL producers and the standard strains. Therefore, the two plants, especially Usteria guineensis have potentials to be developed as alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment of infections caused by ESBL-producing pathogens like Escherichia coli.
Antimicrobial, phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Acalypha fimbriata leaf extract for alternative antimicrobial therapy.
(Faculty of Physical Sciences and Faculty of LifeSciences, University of Ilorin, Nigeria, 2023) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Adejumo, O. E.; Saka, A. S.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Ayedun, J. S.; Adeyemo, O. M.; Kaseem, L. S.; Idowu, A. O.
In folklore, Acalypha fimbriata have been associated with ‘cure all’ properties, but without sufficient empirical ethno[1]pharmacological scientific backups. This research work is therefore necessitated to determine the antimicrobial, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Acalypha fimbriata. The leaf of Acalypha fimbriata were Soxhlet extracted, reconstituted, and screened for phytochemical constituent of antimicrobial importance. Conventional biochemical characterization was carried out on the isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae obtained for the research work and the antimicrobial activity of the plant sample was determined using the agar well diffusion technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined by broth dilution method on the isolates. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and Graphpad prism were used to interprets the data. Alkaloids, flavonoid, anthraquinones, tannins and saponins was found in the leaf extract. Staphylococcus aureus exhibited highest zone of growth inhibition (28mm) at 100mg/ml while Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the lowest (14mm) at 100mg/ml from the antimicrobial assay. In the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration, Staphylococcus aureus exhibited MIC and MBC at 0.625µg/ml and 12.5 µg/ml, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa elicited MIC and MBC at 10 µg/ml and >10 µg/ml of MIC and MBC respectively.Themethanol extract of the plant acted as hydrogen/electrons donor or scavenger of radicals with fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 59.83 µg/ml while that of Ascorbic acid (standard) was found to be 92.70 µg/ml using.The varied MIC’s and MBC’s obtained coupled with the values recorded for the antioxidant radicals validate the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of Acalypha fimbriata that can be explored for therapeutic option, if further purified and optimally processed.
Plasmid DNA mediated vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) from cases of urinary tract infection.
(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria., 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Okanlawon, B. M.; Durowaiye, M. T.; Adejumo, O. E.; Babalola, C. O.; Ayedun, J. S.; Oyinloye, O. E.; Osungunna, M. O.
Vancomycin resistance commonly occurs with Staphylococcus aureus, a pathogen that exhibits intrinsic virulence. Sixty isolates of Staphylococcus aureus tested positive as vancomycin possessive isolates on Brain Heart Infusion Agar medium fortified with 6 µg/mL vancomycin from 100 clinical samples of urine from patients with cases of UTIs via agar diffusion method. Standard 30 µg vancomycin disc served as control. Increase in zones of growth inhibition in relation to vancomycin concentrations was noticed in some of the isolates while it was reversed in others, despite the increase in concentration. Typed strain was susceptible to six concentrations of vancomycin exposed and to the control. Thirty one of the sixty isolates were resistant to vancomycin control. Resistant isolates from standard vancomycin discs were then subjected to molecular investigation. Of the 31 isolates exposed to gel electrophoresis, 14 (47%)elicited plasmids of varied molecular weights ranging from 0.79-23.13 kb. The magnitudes of vancomycin[1]resistant isolates from the clinical samples studied, coupled with some incoherent zones of inhibition and the plasmid DNA obtained from the resistant isolates, suggest the need for infection control practitioners and epidemiologist to devise strategies to curtail the spread of this pathogen both in hospital and community settings.
A study of skin sepsis amongst abattoir workers in Moniya, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Association of Resident Doctors, University College Hospital, Ibadan, 2022) Okunye, O. L.; Babalola, C. O.; Adeleke, O. E.; Idowu, P. A.; Coker, E. M.; Ayedun, J. S.; Durowaye, M. T.
Background: Skin sepsis is a pyodermal infection caused by Lancefield’s group streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus. It is characterized by discolored and mottled skin, cellulitis, impetigo and multi-systemic collagen muscularitis and can be transmitted from person to person. Objective: This study sampled the skin of consented abattoir workers in Moniya Ibadan, for clinical sepsis, with a view to establishing a causal relationship between the infection obtained and the abattoir workers examined. Methodology: A total of 100 meat handler’s hands and forearms were examined. Swabs were taken from lesions which appeared clinically to be infected and then propagated on selective culture media designed for staphylococci and streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests and Lancefield determination were carried out as considered appropriate. Results: Of the 100 swabs from the categories of abattoir workers examined, 43 streptococci (35 from lesion 8 from wound) and 36 Staphylococcus aureus (20 from lesion and16 from wound) were obtained. The regression analysis from the grouping of gender, causative agents and specific infection as a predictor of infection were recorded to be significant ( = 0.18; t = 1.74; p < 0.05) for the nature of but non-significant ( =-0.067; t =-0.649; p> 0.05) for the gender. In-vitro antigen antibody reaction on StreptexM kit elicited varied reactions to Lancefield’s serological grouping (A (56%), B (9%) C (7%) G (22%) and L (7%). Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in varying percentages (Tetracycline and gentamicin 62%, meropenem and ceftriaxone 100%, amikacin, 10%, and vancomycin 80%) to conventional antibiotics were observed. Conclusion: From this study point of view, the causal relationship between the infection and the infected has been establish from the pathogens of pyodermal origin contacted from cows, that causes sepsis across all the category of abattoir worker studied. There is a need to provide an ideal functioning abattoir fully equipped with required facilities for safety and ease of execution of duties.

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