FACULTY OF PHARMACY

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Start date: 2000End date: 2009

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    Antibacterial activity of Methanolic extract of Garcinia Kola (Heckel) seeds and stanford antibiotics
    (African Society for Clinical Microbiology, 2006) Adeleke, O. E.; Ojo, O. P.; Idowu, P.A.
    The methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds and eight standard antibiotics were tested in-vitro for comparative activity against 10 isolates of each of six bacterial species: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus, Streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all from throat infections. The methanolic extract exerted activity against all the bacteria tested almost in similar manner as gentamicin. Of the remaining seven standard antibiotics, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline showed activity against one organism or the other. Remarkably, augmentin, cloxacillin and cotrimoxazole had no activity against any of the bacterial isolates. Amoxycillin was able to affect only 2 of the 8 isolates of Esch. coll. This has lent credence to the ethnopharmaceutical claims of the curative affect of raw-chewed Garcinia kola seeds on throat infections as well as highlighting the bacterial resistance to standard antibiotics, particularly, the B-lactams.
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    Antimocrobial activity of the crude extracts and isolated fractions of Garcinia Kola Heckel stem bark
    (Ibadan University Press for the Science Association of Nigeria, 2006) Idowu, P. A.; Moody, J. O.; Odelola, H. A.
    The stem bark of Garcinia kola, commonly used for various ailments in traditional medicine in Nigeria was examined for antimicrobial activity. Crude chloroform and methanolic extracts and fractions isolated from the chloroform extract using column chromatography were screened for in-vitro antibacterial, and antifungal activities. As tested using agar cup diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Escherichia coli (NCTC 9001), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 6750), Bacillus cereus (Lab. Stock), Candida albicans (NCTC 7534) and Aspergillus niger (Lab. Stock), the crude extracts showed good activity at 10 and 20mg/ml respectively. The 14 fractions isolated from the column chromatography also showed varying but significant degree of activity on most of the tested organisms at 100μg/ml. The study has shown that G. Kola bark has antimicrobial activities that justify its uses in traditional medicine in Nigeria as anti-infective agent. Also, the fact that most fractions showed antimicrobial activity is an indication that G. Kola bark has many antimicrobial constituents which are different but closely related.
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    Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of three Nigerian medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases traditionally
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, University of Jos, 2005) Idowu, P. A.; Moody, J. O.; Odelola, H. A.
    Three medicinal plants: Carpolobia lutea, Curculigo pilosa and Strophanthus hispidus used in the treatment of infectious diseases and other ailments traditionally were screened for secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity. All the three plants contained saponins; C. lutea and S. hispidus contained cardenolides, while only C. lutea contained alkaloid in detectable quantity. Using agar cup diffusion method the crude extracts of the plants inhibited most of the test organisms: Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli NCTC 9001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6570, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans at concentrations 10100mg/ml. S. hispidus extracts were the most active. The study has demonstrated the antimicrobial potential of the plants and the basis for their inclusion in herbal preparations used to treat infectious diseases.
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    Comparative quality assuranc studies of sachet packaged drinking water from three states of South West Nigeria
    (Ibadan University Press for the Science Association of Nigeria, 2004) Adeniyi, B. A.; Idowu, P. A.; Oladeinde, F. O.; Adeyeye, G. T.
    Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of fifteen (15) samples of sachet-packaged drinking water procured from three states (Oyo, Lagos and Ogun) of South West of Nigeria were carried out to cvaluate their suitability for drinking. Physiochemical analysis for metals concentration, hardness, pH, acidity, alkalinity and conductivity determined showed that some of the samples were not within the recommended limits. Generally, the metal content of the samples was high as shown by iron in excess of 0.3mg/L in all the samples and lead in excess of 0.05mg/L in two of the samples. Microbiological examination for total counts of bacteria and fungi, the presence of faecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Vibrio sp. Salmonella sp. Shigella sp. streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus was performed. Coliforms counts 10-200cfu/ml; E. coli 0.2-8.0cfu/ml; Staph.aureus 10-2000 cfu/ml and total plate count>100cfu/ml; were detected in 11, 4, 8 and 10 samples respectively out of the 15 tested: Using the standards supplied by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and. Control (NAFDAC) in Nigeria and as specified by World Health Organisation (WHO), only 13% of the water samples were suitable for drinking. The research confirms the speculations about the impure state of the sachet packaged drinking water sold in Nigeria as "pure water", about 50% of which had NAFDAC registration numbers.
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    Antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seed and standard antibiotics
    (African Society for Clinical Microbiology, 2006) Adeleke, O. E.; Ojo, O. P.; Idowu, P. A.
    The methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds and eight standard antibiotics were tested in-vitro for comparative activity against 10 isolates of each of six bacterial species: Escherichia coff. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albus. Streptococcus pyogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all from throat infections. The methanolic extract exerted activity against all the bacteria tested almost in similar manner as gentamicin. Of the remaining seven standard antibiotics, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline showed activity against one organism or the other. Remarkably, augmentin, cloxaciilin and cotrimoxazole had no activity against any of the bacterial isolates. Amoxycillin was able to affect only 2 of die 8 isolates of Esch. coli. This has lent credence to the ethnopharmaceutical claims of the curative effect of raw-chewed Garcinia kola seeds on throat infections as well as highlighting the bacterial resistance to standard antibiotics, particularly, the ß-lactams.
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    Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts and isolated fractions of Garcinia kola Heckel stem bark
    (Science Association of Nigeria, 2006) Idowu, P. A.; Moody, J. O.; Odelola, H. A.
    The stem bark of Garcinia kola, commonly used for various ailments in traditional medicine in Nigeria was examined for antimicrobial activity. Crude chloroform and methanolic extracts and fractions isolated from the chloroform extract using column chromatography were screened for in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. As tested using agar cup diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Escherichia coli (NCTC 9001), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 6750), Bacillus cereus (Lab. Stock), Candida albicans .(NCTC 7534) and Aspergillus niger (Lab. Stock), the crude extracts showed good activity at 10 and 20mg/ml respectively. The 14 fractions isolated from the column chromatography also showed varying but significant degree of activity on most of the tested organisms at lOOpg/ml. The study has shown that G. Kola bark has antimicrobial activities that justify its uses in traditional medicine in Nigeria as anti-infective agent. Also, the fact that most fractions showed antimicrobial activity is an indication that G. Kola bark has many antimicrobial constituents which are different but closely related.
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    Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of three Nigerian medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases traditionally
    (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Jos, Nigeria, 2005) Idowu, P. A.; Moody, J. O.; Odelola, H. A.
    Three medicinal plants: Carpolobia lutea, Curculigo pilosa and Strophanthus hispidus used in the treatment of infectious diseases and other ailments traditionally were screened for secondary metabolites and antimicrobial activity. All the three plants contained saponins; C. lutea and S. hispidus contained cardenolides, while only C. lutea contained alkaloid in detectable quantity. Using agar cup diffusion method the crude extracts of the plants inhibited most of the test organisms: Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli NCTC 9001, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6570, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans at concentrations 10-100mg/ml. S. hispidus extracts were the most active. The study has demonstrated the antimicrobial potential of the plants and the basis for their inclusion in herbal preparations used to treat infectious diseases
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    Comparative Quality Assurance Studies of Sachet Packaged Drinking Water from Three States of South West Nigeria
    (Science Association of Nigeria, 2004) Adeniyi, B. A.; Idowu, P. A.; Oladeinde, F. O.; Adeyeye, G. T.
    Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of fifteen (15) samples of sachet-packaged drinking water procured from three states (Oyo, Lagos and Ogun) of South West of Nigeria were carried out to evaluate their suitability for drinking. Plijsiochemical analysis for metals concentration; hardness, pH, acidity, alkalinity and conductivity determined showed mat some of the samples were not within the recommended limits. Generally, the metal content of the samples was high as shown by iron in excess of 0.3mg/L in all the samples and lead in excess of 0.05mg/L in two of the samples. Microbiological examination for total counts of bacteria and fungi, the presence of faecal colifonn, Escherichia coli, Vibrio sp. Salmonella sp. Shigella sp: streptococci-and Staphylococcus aureus was performed. Coliforms counts 10-200cfu/ml; E. coli 0.2-8.Ocfu/ml; Staph,aureus 10-2000 cfu/ral and total plate count >100cfu/ml; were detected in 11, 4, 8 and 10 samples respectively out of the 15 tested: Using the standards supplied by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and. Control (NAFDAC) in Nigeria and as specified by World Health Organisation (WHO), only 1.3% of the water samples were suitable for drinking. The research confirms the speculations about the impure state of the sachet packaged drinking water sold in Nigeria as “pure water”, about 50% of which had N AFDAC registration numbers.
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    The Concept of Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting: Awareness among Pharmacy Students in a Nigerian University
    (AKS Publications., 2007) Showande, J.S.; Fakeye, T.O
    Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is poorly reported globally but more in developing countries with poor participation by health professionals. Currently, there is no known literature on the Nigerian pharmacy students’ knowledge on ADR reporting. Hence the purpose of this study was to find out the level of knowledge of pharmacy students on the concept of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting and also to evaluate their opinions on the National Pharmacovigilance Centre guidelines on adverse drug reaction reporting. A pretested 34-item semi-structured questionnaire was administered among 69 pharmacy undergraduate students in their penultimate and final years that consented to take part in the study, in one of the universities in Nigeria. The study was carried out strictly adhering to the principles outlined in the Helsinki declaration of 1964, which was revised in 1975. The questionnaire used had four sections which included a section on biographical data, a section which evaluated the students’ knowledge on the concept of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting, a section on students personal experiences of adverse drug reactions and modes of reporting them and the final section of the questionnaire evaluated the students’ opinions on the National Pharmacovigilance Centre guidelines for reporting adverse drug reactions. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests were used to analyze the data obtained. None of the participants knew the sequence of reporting ADR. More than half, 40(58.0%) had heard about pharmacovigilance at symposiums, 7(10.1%) during clinical clerkship program and 18(26.1%) from media jingles. Twenty nine (42.0%) agreed that pharmacovigilance was in their curriculum, however only 16(23.2%) could define the term correctly. None of the participants had seen or used an ADR form prior to the study, but the students could easily identify and describe the type of ADR they had personally experienced in detail, however, they did not know the channel of reporting it. Only 3% reported incidences of personal experience of ADR to the physician while another 3% reported cases of such to the pharmacist. There was a significant difference comparing students’ year of study in the pharmacy program with their opinion scores on the National Pharmacovigilance Centre (NPC) guidelines on ADR reporting (p <0.05). The lack of pharmacovigilance and adverse drug reaction reporting courses in the pharmacy school curriculum result in the poor knowledge of the students on the concept of adverse drug reaction reporting, nonetheless the view and knowledge they had garnered from different sources helped the students in identifying and describing ADR but this is not enough in properly documenting cases of ADRs. Thus, the poor knowledge on ADR reporting among the students requires speedy implementation of new curriculum incorporating pharmacovigilance to enhance the involvement of pharmacists in ADR reporting in Nigeria.
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    Effects of Co-administration of Extracts of Carica papaya Linn (Fam: Caricaceae) on Activity of Two Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
    (Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, 2007) Fakeye, T.O.; Oladipupo, T.; Showande, J.S.; Ogunremi, Y
    Purpose: To investigate the interacting effects of co-administration of Carica papaya leaf extract on the hypoglycemic activity of metformin and glimepiride in an animal model. Method: Experimental factorial design was used to evaluate the individual and interaction influence of three variables ie nature (N), dose administered (C) and duration of administration (D), in a 23(=8) employed at two levels - ‘’high’’ and ‘‘low’’ - on blood glucose of diabetic rats on administration of ethanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya and two hypoglycemic agents, metformin and glimepiride. Unpaired t-test was used to test for significant difference due to administration of the combination Results: Extract of Carica papaya at 5.0 mg/kg produced significant blood glucose reduction with no significant reduction at the higher dose of 10 mg/kg (p>0.05). Changing nature from “low” (Carica papaya extract) to “high” (glimepiride or metformin) did not significantly change hypoglycemic activity. Generally, the ranking of the interacting effects was ND>CD>>NC for glimepiride/extract, and CD>ND>NC for metformin/extract. Administration of higher dose of the extract led to significant (p<0.01) increase in onset of activity of glimepiride. The onset of activity of metformin was not affected, but a significant lowering (p<0.05) of blood glucose was observed at 24 hr with all combinations of extract and metformin. Conclusion: Leaf extract of Carica papaya significantly delays the onset of hypoglycaemic activity of glimepiride, and increases the hypoglycaemic effect of metformin with the variablesinteracting differently for each drug-extract combinations.