FACULTY OF PHARMACY
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Item Preliminary phytochemical screening and Antioxidant Property of Leaf and twig Extracts of Turraea Vogelii Hook. f. ex. Benth (Meliaceae)(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2019) Olufadi-Ahmed, H. Y.; Idowu, P. A.This study investigated the phytochemical constituents by screening the pulverized plant material and the antioxidant potential of the extract of the leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii. The crude powdered leaves and twigs of the plant were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using standard procedures. The ethyl acetate extract of the leaves and twigs as well as the methanolic extract of the twigs were subjected to antioxidant activity studies using 1, 1- diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, catalase activity assay as well as lipid peroxidation activity. The result of phytochemical screening of the crude powdered leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars and alkaloid in the leaves while the twigs contained tannins, flavonoids, saponins, reducing sugars and steroids. The results of the DPPH Radical Scavenging activity studies revealed that ethyl acetate fraction of Turraea vogelii twigs has an IC50 of 444μg/ml which was closest to the activity of the reference measured at 409μg/ml. The ethyl acetate fraction of the twigs showed the most promising lipid peroxidation inhibition activity with an MDA concentration of 9.595mMol/g FW when compared with the standard. The catalase enzyme concentration responsible for the mop up of hydrogen peroxide per minute was highest in the methanol extract of twigs at 0.038mMolmin-1g-1. The implication of this study suggests that the twigs of Turraea vogelii has note-worthy phytochemical principles and also has a good natural antioxidant source that may be indicated in the treatment and management of diseases associated with oxidative stress.Item Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from contact lenses of some selected individuals in Calen university, Imota, Lagos State(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2019) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Kotun, B. C.; Kolade, T. T.Contact lenses are ocular prosthetic devices used by over 150 million people worldwide, and they can be worn to correct vision, for cosmetic, or therapeutic reasons. This epidemiological study was performed to determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on contact lenses of selected students in Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State. A swab of 100 contact lenses from selected volunteers comprising 43 males and 57 females were collected for microbiological examination. Sterile swab sticks moistened with sterile distilled water were used to aseptically swab the lenses and transferred into nutrient broth followed by incubation for 5 hours. Thereafter, the resultant broth culture was subcultured on to cetrimide nutrient agar and incubated at 370C for 24 hours for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 30 (30%) of the contact lenses sampled were found to have Pseudomonas aeruginosa, of which 13(43.3%) of the isolates were pigmented and 17( 56.7%) were non-pigmented. Eighty percent (80%) of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 75% to gentamicin while 50% were susceptible to ofloxacin. The isolates were 90% resistant to nitrofurantoin, 75% resistant to augmentin and 100% to ampicillin. Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin were found to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in this study and could be of therapeutic relevance for the management of contact lenses mediated infections.Item Bacteriological Evaluation of Well Water Samples from Selected Community Markets in Ijebu-Remo Axis of Ogun State(Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, 2019) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Kolade, T. T.The quality of portable water and treatment of water borne diseases are critical public health issue. This study was carried out in Ijebu-Remo communities-axis of Ogun State to evaluate the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of in-situ community market well water for the presence of coliforms and other associated potential pathogens. A total of 24 wells from selected 6 market locations were examined. They were found to be laden with coliforms, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella in varying percentage. The potential hydrogen concentrations of the 24 wells examined were acidic with the exception of 2 wells with a pH 7. The total viable count varied between 7×106 to 47.5 ×106. Though the regressive analysis to determine the significance of the extrinsic and intrinsic values of the sampled water extends beyond the P-values≤0.5, the total viable count from the 24 well water sampled were grossly contaminated. Therefore, the water is unsafe for drinking to avoid water borne infection of unpredictable magnitudes.Item Anthelmintic principles from the tuberous roots of Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdcourt – Papilonaceae(Chemical Society of Nigeria, 2018) Lasisi, A. A.; Adeyi, E. O.; Adebisi, S. A.; Idowu, M. O.In Nigeria, Neorautanenia mitis is used for treating intestinal parasites caused by tapeworm. Pulverised tuber of N. mitis was exhaustively and successively extracted using the n-hexane, chloroform and MeOH. Extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated for anthelmintic activity against dwarf tapeworms (Hymenolysis nana) and the larva of hookworm using the in vivo and in vitro models. In-vivo anthelmintic activity of the crude n-hexane, CHCl3 and MeOH extracts of N. mitis exhibited 100 % paralysis of the worms at 100 mg/kg. LD50 of the cude extracts and Albendazole (anthelmintic drug) were 188. 5 and 45.25 μg/mL respectively. Isolated compounds from N. mitis: Neoraudiol (1), neoduline (2), neotenone (3), rautandiol (4), pachyrrhizine (5) and 12a-hydroxy neotenone (6) displayed concentration-dependent anthelmintic activities against the tapeworm (Taenia solium) at 25, 50, 80 and 100 mg/mL. Structure-activity relationship was established. The results of the study provide scientific justification for the use of N. mitis in combating anthelminthes in Nigeria.Item In vitro assessment of selected antibiotics, crude extract of dalbergia latifolia leaf and their combination on MDR salmonella enterica strain(Sciencedomain International, 2017) Jemiseye, O. T.; Idowu, P. A.; Agidigbi, T. S.Aims: To investigate the susceptibility pattern Salmonella enterica strains to selected antibiotics and extract of Dalbergia latifolia as well as their combinatory effect on (multi-drug resistant) MDR salmonella. Place and Duration of Study: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria from October 2012-May 2013. Methodology: In this study, a total of 11 clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica strains were screened in vitro against five antibiotics (ampicillin, amoxycillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and ceftriaxone) for their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and against methanolic extracts of Dalbergia latifolia leaves. The isolates were also screened in vitro against the combined antibiotics and plant extracts using the agar well diffusion method and their MICs determined. Phytochemical screening was done to determine the secondary metabolites present in the plant extracts. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028, a type strain, was used as a reference standard in the identification of the isolates. The isolates were collected across hospitals in South West Nigeria. Results: All the isolates were multidrug resistance (with each showing resistance to at least two of the antibiotics), with the exception of one susceptible isolate. All the isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol (100%), while the highest susceptible numbers of isolates were observed against ceftriaxone (27.27%), 18.18% were susceptible to each of ampicillin and amoxycillin, while 9.09% were susceptible to cotrimoxazole. MIC values ranged from of 30 μg/mL to >100 μg/mL. All the isolates were susceptible to the extracts of Dalbergia latifolia leaves with a zone of diameters equating the CSLI recommendation except for two isolates at a concentration of 25 mg/mL showing lesser activities. The MIC values ranged between 3.125 mg/mL to 75 mg/mL. Conclusion: The combined antibiotics and plant extracts showed a potentiative and synergistic effects with Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) values ranging between 0.45-0.75. Among the 11 isolates, 4 isolates (36.36%) showed an additional effect to the combined activities of the antibiotics and plant extracts with a reduced MIC value. From the in vitro study, the diameter of the zone of inhibition of the combined halved-MICs (MIC*) of both the plant and antibiotics increased significantly than their individual results. The result of this study showed that the extract of Dalbergia latifolia has antimicrobial properties against MDR Salmonella enterica strain.Item Prevalence of extended spectrum βeta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections in Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Ogun State.(College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, 2017) Okunye, O. L.; Idowu, P. A.; Odeleye, F. O.Background: Extended spectrum Beta-lactamases (ESβLs) are variants of beta lactamase enzymes that are capable of hydrolyzing broader spectrum of beta-lactams antibiotics. The enzymes have mutation in the gene at the active site that is believed to be the cause of high Beta lactamase activity. ESβL mediate resistance to all third generation cephalosporins, including monobactams. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of ESBL producing Escherichia coli from patients presenting with cases of urinary tract infection at Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital between April and June 2016. Method: Urine samples from cases of UTI were centrifuged and the subnatants were diluted serially up to 10 5 with sterile distilled water. A loopful of each of the last two dilutions was streaked on a plate of sterile Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar. The plates were incubated at 370C for 24 hrs. Plates that elicited growth were sub-cultured and stored for further use. Gram staining and conventional biochemical tests including indole, citrate utilization, hydrogen sulphide utilization, nitrate, catalase and urease tests were conducted on selected distinct colonies with green metallic sheen on the EMB culture plate. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc-diffusion method. ESBL detection was done by using the double-disc synergy test. An antibiotic disc of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (Oxoid, UK) was placed at the center of the plate and discs containing Ceftazidime (CAZ - 30μg) (Oxoid, UK), Ceftriaxone (CRO - 30μg) Aztreonam (ATM - 30μg) were sited 0.2cm equidistant from the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid disc. After aerobic incubation at 37ºC for 18 hours, a clear extension of the edge of the growth inhibition zone of the cephalosporins towards amoxicillin-clavulanic acid disc was measured and used as positive index of ESβL production. Results: Of the 100 urine samples examined, 79 (79%) isolates of Escherichia coli were detected by conventional biochemical tests of which 30 (38%) isolates were found to exhibit ESβL production. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates elicited highest susceptibility to ofloxacin (90%), gentamicin (87%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (53%). A progressive decrease in sensitivity to cefixime (60%) and cefuroxime (27%) – a cephalosporinase effect was recorded. Conclusion: Judicious use of antibiotics is more important to prevent infections by these resistant organisms in the community coupled with awareness by microbiologists and clinicians serving the community as key to early detection and appropriate treatment of patients affected by ESβL producing Escherichia coli.Item Antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of corn steep liquor anti-diabetic herb extracts(Valahia University Press, 2016) Olaiya, C. O.; Idowu, P. A.; Karigidi, K. O.Traditionally, Corn-steep fermenting liquor (CSL) has been used to prepare infusion for the management of chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus. Antioxidants and antimicrobials have gained attention in this regard due to the role of free radicals and infections in the etiology and complication of the disease. The present study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of CSL extracts of Citrullus colocynthis (CC), Curculigo pilosa (CP) and Gladiolus psittacinus (GP). DPPH scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, Iron chelating activity, total reducing power, total flavonoids and total phenolics were determined using standard methods while antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Klebisiellae pneumonae was determined using agar well diffusion method. CP gave the highest total phenolic content (86.84mg GAE/g extract) while the total flavonoid content of GP was the highest (55.95mg QUE/g extract) in comparison with other extracts. The IC50 values based on Iron chelating (72μg/ml), DPPH (174μg/ml) for CP and Hydrogen peroxide (95μg/ml) for GP were lower, indicating good antioxidant potential. Also, CP exhibited the highest reducing power in a concentration dependent manner. CC inhibited S. aureus (12mm), E. coli (14mm), S. typhi (14mm) and K. pneumonae (14mm) while CP inhibited S. aureus (12mm), S typhi (12mm) and K. pneumonae (14mm). GP only inhibited S. aureus (12mm) and K. pneumonae (12mm). All the extracts were inactive against B. subtilis. The results of this study showed that CSL extracts of CC, CP and GP possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties thereby justifying their use in folk medicine for the management of diabetes mellitus.Item Paullinia pinnata; Triterpene isovanniloyl; Sapindaceae; Bacterial strains(Springer Nature, 2014) Lasisi, A. A.; Ayinde, B. W.; Adeleye, A. O.; Onocha, P. A.; Oladosu, I. A.; Idowu, P. A.In addition to lupeyl steryl ether (1) and 3-oxo-11a-hydroxyl-20 (29) lupen (2), a new lupeol-3-isovanniloyl ester (3) was isolated from Paullinia pinnata. Using detailed 1D and 2D NMR spectra and comparison with the published data, the new compound was characterised as 3-O-isovanilloyl-3R,5R,8R,9R,10R,13R,14S,17S,18R,19R-lup-20(29)-en, for which the trivial name Paullinoyl was proposed. Compound 3 demonstrated significant antibacterial activity on the tested strains (MIC 15.2–30.20 lg/ml). The antibacterial activities obtained in this study confirmed the use of P. pinnata in traditional medicine for treating bacterial infections.Item Terminalia ivorensis, nosocomial microorganisms, 2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-benzofuran-5,6-diol.(West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists, 2014) Samuel, B. B.; Idowu, P. A.; Aderibigbe, A. O.; Adekunle, A. Y.Background: Widespread resistance to current antibiotic therapies has necessitated the search for new antiinfectives from natural and synthetic sources. Ethnobotanical information indicated the use of Terminalia ivorensis in the treatment of wounds, syphilis and inflammation. Objectives: This study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial properties of the Terminalia ivorensis extract and isolate the bioactive compound from the extract. Methods: Sensitivity of four nosocomial microorganisms (Bacillus substilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus) to the acetone extract of T. Ivorensis was investigated by agar cup diffusion method. Bioguided solvent–solvent fractionation was carried out on the extract. The most active fraction was subjected to open column chromatography to obtain a bioactive compound. The compound was characterized by application of spectroscopic techniques (ESI-MS, HR-MS, 1D and 2D NMR). Results: Four microorganisms were sensitive to the whole extract. Column separation led to the isolation of 2- (3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-benzofuran-5,6-diol as an active principle in the extract. MIC values obtained for the bioactive compound and the whole acetone extract were 1.25mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests that there is a scientific basis for the application of T. ivorensis extract in the treatment of infections. Further studies on its in vivo activities and the toxicity profile are required before application in humans.Item In-vitro bactericidal kinetics of chlorhexidine gluconate disinfectant/antiseptic formulations containing different additives(Ibadan Biomedical Communications Group, 2014) Idowu, P. A.; Idowu, O. S.Chlorhexidine gluconate(CHG) is a popular disinfectant/antiseptic which is often formulated with additives. We investigated the effect of additives type on the in vitro bactericidal kinetics of CHG in three commercially available formulations: Hibiscrub®, Savlon® and Purit® commonly used as household and hospital disinfectants/antiseptics. The bactericidal kinetics of the products was determined by time-survival curve method using Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6750 and Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571 as model organisms. Best-fit rate constant and half-life was computed by exponential decay curve-fitting. Half-life was; 76.5, 65.5, 66 and 74 (min) for Control solution, Hibiscrub®, Savlon® and Purit® respectively, against Ps. aeruginosa. The corresponding values obtained against Staph. aureus are 51.0, 61.7, 29.3, and 49.0 (min) (95% CI). Presence of alcohol (e.g. Hibiscrub® and Savlon®) caused an insignificant increase in the rate of killing of Ps. aeruginosa relative to preparations that are devoid of alcohol. (p>0.05, 1-way ANOVA). Toward Staphylococcus aureus, the combined effect of cetrimide and alcohol (e.g. Savlon®) is higher than any enhancement due to combination of alcohol and surfactant (e.g. Hibiscrub). Savlon® show a significantly higher bactericidal effect of all the preparations (P<0.0001, 1-way ANOVA). The choice of additives in the formulation of chlorhexidine antiseptic solutions significantly alters the kinetics and overall bactericidal effect of CHG towards Staphylococcus aureus but not Pseudomonas areruginosa.