FACULTY OF PHARMACY
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://repository.ibadanedu.com/handle/123456789/271
Browse
297 results
Search Results
Item Assessment of Compliance to Treatment among Ambulatory Asthmatic Patients in A Secondary Health Care Facility in Nigeria.(The Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (SPSR)., 2012) Obasan, A.A.; Showande, J.S.; Fakeye, T.OThis study assessed the level of compliance using three different methods: pill count, self report and peak expiratory flow rate, in asthmatic patients attending a secondary health care facility. Self report (using a pre-tested structured questionnaire), peak expiratory flow rate and pill count were used to assess patient’s compliance and identify the factors which may be responsible for non compliance. Measurement of peak expiratory flow rate and the pill count were done at two different occasions. The data obtained was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study showed that the patients were prescribed a range of one to four drugs: 54% (3 drugs), 32% (2 drugs), 8% (4 drugs) and 2% (1 drug). The levels of compliance were 86.57% for self report and 83.56% for pill count (p > 0.05). Reasons given for non compliance were: apparent wellness (33.31%), forgetfulness (26.67%), cost of drugs (6.67%), dysphagia (6.67%), presence of non-disturbing symptoms (6.67%), side effects (6.67%), ignorance/fear of addiction (6.67%), perceived lack of benefit from treatment (6.67%), and lethargy towards chronic medication (6.67%). However, there was a significant difference in the readings of the peak expiratory flow rate measured at two different occasions (p < 0.05). The study showed no significant difference in the methods used to assess the level of compliance. Non compliance can be overcome by proper education of patients on the importance of complying with the administration of medication and proper usage of metered dose devices.Item Effects of Co-administration of Extracts of Carica papaya Linn (Fam: Caricaceae) on Activity of Two Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents(Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, 2007) Fakeye, T.O.; Oladipupo, T.; Showande, J.S.; Ogunremi, YPurpose: To investigate the interacting effects of co-administration of Carica papaya leaf extract on the hypoglycemic activity of metformin and glimepiride in an animal model. Method: Experimental factorial design was used to evaluate the individual and interaction influence of three variables ie nature (N), dose administered (C) and duration of administration (D), in a 23(=8) employed at two levels - ‘’high’’ and ‘‘low’’ - on blood glucose of diabetic rats on administration of ethanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya and two hypoglycemic agents, metformin and glimepiride. Unpaired t-test was used to test for significant difference due to administration of the combination Results: Extract of Carica papaya at 5.0 mg/kg produced significant blood glucose reduction with no significant reduction at the higher dose of 10 mg/kg (p>0.05). Changing nature from “low” (Carica papaya extract) to “high” (glimepiride or metformin) did not significantly change hypoglycemic activity. Generally, the ranking of the interacting effects was ND>CD>>NC for glimepiride/extract, and CD>ND>NC for metformin/extract. Administration of higher dose of the extract led to significant (p<0.01) increase in onset of activity of glimepiride. The onset of activity of metformin was not affected, but a significant lowering (p<0.05) of blood glucose was observed at 24 hr with all combinations of extract and metformin. Conclusion: Leaf extract of Carica papaya significantly delays the onset of hypoglycaemic activity of glimepiride, and increases the hypoglycaemic effect of metformin with the variablesinteracting differently for each drug-extract combinations.Item Effects of Co-administration of Extracts of Carica papaya Linn (Fam: Caricaceae) on Activity of Two Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents(Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, 2007) Fakeye, T.O.; Oladipupo, T.; Showande, J.S.; Ogunremi, YPurpose: To investigate the interacting effects of co-administration of Carica papaya leaf extract on the hypoglycemic activity of metformin and glimepiride in an animal model. Method: Experimental factorial design was used to evaluate the individual and interaction influence of three variables ie nature (N), dose administered (C) and duration of administration (D), in a 23(=8) employed at two levels - ‘’high’’ and ‘‘low’’ - on blood glucose of diabetic rats on administration of ethanolic leaf extract of Carica papaya and two hypoglycemic agents, metformin and glimepiride. Unpaired t-test was used to test for significant difference due to administration of the combination Results: Extract of Carica papaya at 5.0 mg/kg produced significant blood glucose reduction with no significant reduction at the higher dose of 10 mg/kg (p>0.05). Changing nature from “low” (Carica papaya extract) to “high” (glimepiride or metformin) did not significantly change hypoglycemic activity. Generally, the ranking of the interacting effects was ND>CD>>NC for glimepiride/extract, and CD>ND>NC for metformin/extract. Administration of higher dose of the extract led to significant (p<0.01) increase in onset of activity of glimepiride. The onset of activity of metformin was not affected, but a significant lowering (p<0.05) of blood glucose was observed at 24 hr with all combinations of extract and metformin. Conclusion: Leaf extract of Carica papaya significantly delays the onset of hypoglycaemic activity of glimepiride, and increases the hypoglycaemic effect of metformin with the variablesinteracting differently for each drug-extract combinations.Item Production of capsules of oil palm pollen.(Nova Science Pub Inc, 2021) Sowunmi, M. A.; Ademodi, Y. F.; Akin-Ajani, O. DPrototype capsules of the pollen grains of the oil palm were produced with a view to their being used as a food supplement. Oil palm pollen was chosen because the tree is indigenous and popular, with numerous socio-economic uses including in local cuisine as palm oil and palm kernel oil. Proximate chemical and mineral analyses of the pollen showed its appreciable nutritive value as a supplement for Vitamin A and iron in particular. Vitamin A performs very important functions in the human body, especially regarding vision, reproduction, immunity, and the normal functioning of several major organs. The optimal utilization of vitamin A by the human body is enhanced by the inclusion of fat, protein, iron, and zinc in the diet; the occurrence of these nutrients in oil palm pollen reinforces its value as a Vitamin A supplement. Non-toxicity of the capsules in laboratory animals requires clinical validation for humans.Item Pharmaceutical Applications of Pectin(IntechOpen, 2021) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Okunlola, A.Pectin, a natural ionic polysaccharide found in the cell wall of terrestrial plants undergoes chain–chain association to form hydrogels upon addition of divalent cations. Based on its degree of esterification, pectin has been classified into two main types. The high methoxyl pectin with a degree of esterification greater than 50%, which is mainly used for its thickening and gelling properties and the low methoxyl pectin, which is widely used for its low sugar-content in jams, both applications being in the food industry. Pectin is mostly derived from citrus fruit peels, but can also be found in other plants such as waterleaf leaves, cocoa husk, and potato pulps. Pectin has been used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations for various functions. This chapter will focus on the various applications to which pectin has been used in the pharmaceutical industry.Item Gastrointestinal Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems and their Applications(Scrivener Publishing LLC, MA, USA., 2020) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Odeku, O. A.There are many routes of drug delivery but the gastrointestinal route is the oldest and most used due to ease of administration and patient compliance. However, this route has shortcomings such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which is a hindrance to the absorption of most groups of drugs. The mucosa of the GIT can be optimized for drug delivery by the use of adhesive dosage forms since the mucosa has a rich blood supply and it is relatively permeable. In the design of drug delivery systems, bioadhesion infers attachment of a drug carrier system to a specific epithelial tissue. A bioadhesive drug delivery system prolongs the retention time of the dosage form at the site of absorption, facilitates intimate contact of the dosage form with the absorption surface, and leads to better therapeutic outcomes of the drug. This chapter is on gastrointestinal drug delivery systems and their applications.Item Gastrointestinal Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems and their Applications(Scrivener Publishing LLC, MA, USA, 2020) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Odeku, O. A.There are many routes of drug delivery but the gastrointestinal route is the oldest and most used due to ease of administration and patient compliance. However, this route has shortcomings such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which is a hindrance to the absorption of most groups of drugs. The mucosa of the GIT can be optimized for drug delivery by the use of adhesive dosage forms since the mucosa has a rich blood supply and it is relatively permeable. In the design of drug delivery systems, bioadhesion infers attachment of a drug carrier system to a specific epithelial tissue. A bioadhesive drug delivery system prolongs the retention time of the dosage form at the site of absorption, facilitates intimate contact of the dosage form with the absorption surface, and leads to better therapeutic outcomes of the drug. This chapter is on gastrointestinal drug delivery systems and their applications.Item Nanodrug Delivery System for Brain Targeting(Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd., 2024) Kola-Mustapha, A. T.; Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Adedeji, O. J.; Odeku, O. AConventional drugs face limitations crossing into the brain allowing for only ideal drug candidates. These candidates should possess properties such as high lipophilicity, moderate molecular weight, charge, etc. This leaves out many other drugs and prevents entry into the brain. The brain protects itself via several barriers that limit drug entry and reduce effectiveness. These barriers include the blood-brain barrier, the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and the arachnoid barrier. These barriers reduce the efficacy of drugs in the therapy of brain-related diseases. This has necessitated the development of novel strategies such as nanodrug delivery systems, to target drugs to the brain for effective therapies. Nanodrug delivery systems such as liposomes, carbon dots, viral vectors, polymeric micelles, etc., are increasingly being tested in preclinical models and clinical trials in the management of Nanodrug Delivery System for Brain Targeting brain-related diseases. So far, some successes have been recorded for diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, etc., While nanodrug systems show promise in future applications, some limitations affect the use in clinical settings. This chapter highlights the current advances in nanodrug delivery systems and their benefits in brain targeting to enhance clinical outcomesItem Medicinal Importance and Phytoconstituents of Underutilized Legumes from the Caesalpinioideae DC Subfamily(MDPI, 2023-08) Ogunniyi, Q. A.; Ogbole, O. O.; Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Ajala, T. O.; Olorunsola, B.; Fettke, J.; Odeku, O. A.Underutilized legumes are common crops in developing countries with superior dietarypotentials that could be useful sources of protein as well as some phytoconstituents. They are more tolerant of abiotic environmental conditions like drought than the major legumes. This makes them more adapted to harsh soil and climatic conditions, which helps to minimize the pressure brought on by climate change. However, despite their potential, underutilized legumes have been greatly overlooked compared to the major legumes due to supply constraints. Underutilized legumes in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae are better suited for use as animal feeds with little or no value as food for humans, and the extracts and infusions of the different parts of plant species in this subfamily are traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases. In addition, underutilized legumes in this subfamily contain phytoconstituents that are of pharmacological relevance, some of which have been isolated, characterized and evaluated for use in the treatment of a variety of disorders. Therefore, this review describes the medicinal activities of some selected underutilized legumes from five genera in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae as well as their phytoconstituents, which could be exploited as lead compounds for drug discoveryItem Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. mucilage and pectin in the formulation of ibuprofen microspheres(Wroclaw Medical University, 2022) Akin-Ajani, O. D.; Hassan, T. M.; Odeku, O. A.Background. Mucilage and pectin are both natural polymers with theadvantages ofavailability and bio¬degradability. Microspheres made from biodegradable polymers can break down naturally after performing their tasks.Objectives. Thestudy aimed touse mucilage and pectin from theleaves ofTalinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. aspolymer matrices for theformulation ofmicrospheres, with ibuprofen asthemodel drug.Materials and methods. Both polymers were examined under amicroscope and evaluated using measure¬ments ofviscosity, density, flow properties, swelling power, elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thedegree ofesterification (DE) for pectin. Themicrospheres were prepared using theionotropic gelation method and alginate:mucilage/pectin atratios of1:1 and 1:2. They were assessed for swellability, drug entrapment effectiveness and drug release profile. Results. Themucilage particles were ovoid while pectin particles were irregularly shaped. Pectin had higher particle, bulk and tapped densities than mucilage, while mucilage had ahigher swelling power and abetter flow than pectin. Talinum triangulare pectin isalow-methoxyl pectin with aDE of7.14%. TheFTIR spectra showed no interaction between thepolymers and ibuprofen. Thesurface morphology ofthemicrospheres without ibuprofen was smooth, while those with ibuprofen revealed aspongy-like mesh. Theswelling power ofthemicrospheres was higher inphosphate buffer with apH of7.2 than indistilled water. Theentrapment efficiency ranged within 39.57–60.43% w/w, with microspheres containing alginate:mucilage/pectin ratio of1:1having higher entrapment efficiency. Microspheres with polymer ataratio of1:1 provided alonger release (>2h), while microspheres with polymer blend of1:2 provided animmediate release ofibuprofen. Conclusions. Thepolymers ofT. triangulare could be used asmatrices inmicrosphere formulations.