FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES

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4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide disrupts sperm characteristics, endocrine balance and redox status in testes and epididymis of rats
(Informa UK Limited, 2017) Adedara, I. A.; Abolaji, A. O.; Ladipo, E. O.; Fatunmibi, O. J.; Abajingin, A. O.; Farombi, E. O.
Objectives: Exposure to 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) was reported to induce testicular germ cell toxicity in rodents. However, there is paucity of information on the precise biochemical and molecular mechanisms of VCD-induced male reproductive toxicity. Methodology: This study investigated the influence of VCD on testicular and epidydimal functions following oral exposure of Wistar rats to VCD at 0, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days. Results: Administration of VCD significantly decreased the body weight gain and organosomatic indices of the testes and epididymis. When compared with the control, VCD significantly decreased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the testes whereas it significantly decreased superoxide dismutase activity but increased catalase activity in the epididymis. Moreover, while glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione level remain unaffected, exposure of rats to VCD significantly increased glutathione S-transferase activity as well as hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels in testes and epididymis of the treated rats. The spermiogram of VCD-treated rats showed significant decrease in epididymal sperm count, sperm progressive motility, testicular sperm number and daily sperm production when compared with the control. Administration of VCD significantly decreased circulatory concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone along with testicular and epididymal degeneration in the treated rats. Immunohistochemical analysis showed significantly increased cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, caspase-9 and caspase-3 protein expressions in the testes of VCDtreated rats. Conclusion: Exposure to VCD induces testicular and epidydimal dysfunctions via endocrine suppression, disruption of antioxidant enzymes activities, increase in biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats.
6-Gingerol abates benzo[a]pyrene-induced colonic injury via suppression of oxido-inflammatory stress responses in BALB/c mice
(Elsevier B.V., 2019) Ajayi, B. O. || ||; Adedara, I. A.; Farombi, E. O.
Exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the most toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and a procarcinogen, is a global health concern which necessitates preventive measures. [6]-Gingerol (6-G), the most pharmacologically active constituent of ginger has been reported to promote gut health in various experimental settings. This study investigated the role of 6-G in BaP-induced colonic oxidative and inflammatory stress responses in mice. Experimental mice were randomly assigned into five groups of eight mice each and were orally gavage with BaP (125 mg/kg) singly or in combination with 6-G at 50 and 100 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. Following sacrifice, the colonic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), myeloperoxidase (MPO) as well as levels of glutathione (GSH), nitrites and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were assessed spectrophotometrically. Moreover, colonic concentration of epoxide hydrolase (EPXH), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were assessed using ELISA. Administration of 6-G augmented BaP detoxification and colonic antioxidant status by increasing the EPXH, GST, SOD and CAT activities, GSH level with concomitant decrease in MDA level when compared with BaP alone group. In addition, 6-G suppressed BaP-induced colonic inflammation by decreasing MPO activity as well as nitrites, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2 and iNOS levels when compared with BaP alone group. In conclusion, 6-G protected against a decrease in colonic epoxide detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant defense mechanisms caused by BaP.
6-Gingerol delays tumorigenesis in benzo[a]pyrene and dextran sulphate sodium-induced colorectal cancer in mice
(Elsevier Ltd., 2020) Farombi, E. O. || ||; Ajayi, B. O.; Adedara, I. A.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been linked to dietary consumption of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). 6-Gingerol (6-G), a component of ginger has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, but little is known regarding the mechanism of 6-G in CRC chemoprevention. We therefore investigated the effect of 6-G on B[a]P. and dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) induced CRC in mice. Mice in Group I and Group II received corn oil and 6-G orally at 2 ml/kg and 100 mg/kg, respectively for 126 days. Group III were administered 125 mg/kg of B [a]P for 5 days followed by 3 cycles of 4% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Group IV received 6-G for 7 days followed by co-administration with 125 mg/kg of B[a]P. for 5 days and 3 cycles of 4% DSS. Tumor formation was reduced and expression of Ki-67, WNT3a, DVL-2 and p-catenin following 6-G exposure. Also, 6-G increases expression of APC, P53, TUNEL positive nuclei and subsequently decreased the expression of TNF-a, IL-1p, INOS, COX-2 and cyclin D1. 6-G inhibited angiogenesis by decreasing the concentration of VEGF, Angiopoietin- 1, FGF and GDF-15 in the colon of B[a]P. and DSS exposed mice. Overall, 6-G attenuated B[a]P and DSS-induced CRC in mice via anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and apoptotic mechanisms.
6-Gingerol improves testicular function in mice model of chronic ulcerative colitis
(Sage Publishers, 2018) Farombi, E. O.; Adedara, I. A.; Ajayi, B. O.; Idowu, T. E.; Eriomala, O. O.; Akinbote, F. O.
The persistent inflammation and oxidative stress at the local site in ulcerative colitis reportedly extend to the testes via systemic circulation resulting in testicular dysfunction. The influence of 6-gingerol (6G), a phenolic compound isolated from Zingiber officinale, on colitis-mediated testicular dysfunction in mice was investigated in this study. Chronic ulcerative colitis was induced in mice using 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for three cycles. Each cycle consisted of 7 consecutive days of exposure to DSS-treated water followed by 14 consecutive days of normal drinking water. 6G (100 mg/kg) or sulfasalazine (SZ; 100 mg/kg) was orally administered alone or in combination with DSS-treated water during the three cycles. SZ served as standard reference drug for colitis in this study. 6G significantly prevented the incidence of rectal bleeding, decrease in the body weight gain and colon mass index in DSS-exposed mice. 6G significantly prevented colitis-mediated decreases in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone and decreases oxidative stress indices, pro-inflammatory cytokines and caspase-3 activity with concomitant augmentation of antioxidant enzymes activities, sperm characteristics, marker enzymes of testicular function and histoarchitecture in DSS-exposed mice. 6G exerted protective influence against ulcerative colitis-induced testicular damage via mechanisms involving its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
6-Gingerol-Rich fraction from Zingiber officinale prevents hematotoxicity and oxidative damage in kidney and liver of rats exposed to Carbendazim
(Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2016) Salihu, M.; Ajayi, B. O.; Adedara, I. A.; Farombi, E. O.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a globally marketed flavoring agent and cooking spice with a long history of human health benefits. The fungicide carbendazim (CBZ) is often detected in fruits and vegetables for human nutrition and has been reported to elicit toxic effects in different experimental animal models. The present study investigated the protective effects of 6-Gingerol-rich fraction (6-GRF) from ginger on hematotoxicity and hepatorenal damage in rats exposed to CBZ. CBZ was administered at a dose of 50 mg/kg alone or simultaneously administered with 6-GRF at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, whereas control rats received corn oil alone at 2 mL/kg for 14 days. Hematological examination showed that CBZ-mediated toxicity to the total white blood cell (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets counts were normalized to the control values in rats co-treated with 6-GRF. Moreover, administration of CBZ significantly decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase as well as glutathione level in the livers and kidneys of rats compared with control. However, the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde were markedly elevated in kidneys and livers of CBZ-treated rats compared with control. The significant elevation in the plasma indices of renal and hepatic dysfunction in CBZ-treated rats was confirmed by light microscopy. Coadministration of 6-GRF exhibited chemoprotection against CBZ-mediated hematotoxicity, augmented antioxidant status, and prevented oxidative damage in the kidney and liver of rats.
6-Gingerol-rich fraction prevents disruption of histomorphometry and marker enzymes of testicular function in carbendazim-treated rats
(Blackwell Verlag GmbH, 2017) Salihu, M.; Ajayi, B. O.; Adedara, I. A.; Farombi, E. O.
Previous investigations demonstrated that 6-gingerol-rich fraction (6-GRF) prevented testicular toxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress and endocrine disruption in CBZ-treated rats. The influence of 6-GRF on alterations in histomorphometry and marker enzymes of testicular function in CBZ-treated rats which hitherto has not been reported was investigated in this study. The animals were orally administered either CBZ (50 mg/kg) alone or in combination with 6-GRF (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days. Histomorphormetric analysis demonstrated that 6-GRF significantly prevented CBZ-mediated increase in the organo-somatic index of the testes and seminiferous tubular diameter as well as the reduction in epithelium height and tubular length of testes in the rats. Similarly, 6-GRF ameliorated CBZ-induced disruption in the epithelium height as well as in the proportion of tubule and interstitium of the epididymis the treated rats. Furthermore, 6-GRF prevented CBZ-mediated increase in testicular acid phosphatase activity and the decrease in testicular alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases, glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Moreover, 6-GRF ameliorated CBZ-induced reduction in the testicular and epididymal sperm count and sperm motility in the treated rats. Conclusively, 6-GRF enhances key functional enzymes involve in spermatogenesis and maintains histo-architecture of testes and epididymis in CBZ-treated rats.
A 4-Year cross-sectional study of Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women: need for policy decision
(Ecronicon, 2022-03) Fowotade, A.; Omoruyi, E. C.; Adesina, O.; Adekanmbi, O.; Adetunji, S.; Akande, K. O.; Adepoju, A.
Background: The elimination of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Nigeria, especially among pregnant women requires commitment from the government and health policy makers. This is predicated on comprehensive surveillance and epidemiological data. The objective of the current study is to provide the epidemiological data and unique perspectives that will inform accurate advocacy and influence policy decisions. Materials and Methods: A 4-year cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,428 consecutively recruited consenting pregnant women attending antenatal care at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Venous blood was screened for HBsAg using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). HBsAg sero-negative samples were further tested for other HBV serological markers (anti-HBc, HBeAg and anti-HBe by ELISA. Socio-demographic and clinical details were obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Overall HBsAg prevalence was 5.1% (2,305/2,482). Twenty three (1%) of the HBsAg sero-negative women tested positive to both anti-HBc and anti-HBe while 5.3% and 0.8% tested positive to only anti-HBc and anti-HBe, respectively. Additionally, 6.4% (38/594) of the HBV fully vaccinated pregnant women tested positive to HBsAg. Conclusion: Hepatitis B is endemic among Nigerian pregnant women. Serological patterns indicated possible occult hepatitis B infection. More political commitment from government and policy makers is urgently required.
A multi-country phase 2 study to evaluate the suitcase lab for rapid detection of SARS CoV-2 in seven Sub-Saharan African countries: Lessons from the field
(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Ceruti, A.; Dia, N.; Bakarey, A. S.; Ssekitoleko, J.; Andriamandimby, S. F.; Malwengo-Kasongo, P.; Ahmed, R. H. A.; Kobialka, R. M.; Heraud, J. M.; Diagne, M. M.; Fowotade, A.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic led to severe health systems collapse, as well as logistics and supply delivery shortages across sectors. Delivery of PCR related healthcare supplies continue to be hindered. There is the need for a rapid and accessible SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection method in low resource settings. Objectives: To validate a novel isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 across seven sub-Sharan African countries. Study design: In this multi-country phase 2 diagnostic study, 3,231 clinical samples in seven African sites were tested with two reverse transcription Recombinase-Aided Amplification (RT-RAA) assays (based on SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) gene and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene). The test was performed in a mobile suitcase laboratory within 15 min. All results were compared to a real-time RT-PCR assay. Extraction kits based on silica gel or magnetic beads were applied. Results: Four sites demonstrated good to excellent agreement, while three sites showed fair to moderate results. The RdRP gene assay exhibited an overall PPV of 0.92 and a NPV of 0.88. The N gene assay exhibited an overall PPV of 0.93 and a NPV 0.88. The sensitivity of both RT-RAA assays varied depending on the sample Ct values. When comparing sensitivity between sites, values differed considerably. For high viral load samples, the RT-RAA assay sensitivity ranges were between 60.5 and 100% (RdRP assay) and 25 and 98.6 (N assay). Conclusion: Overall, the RdRP based RT-RAA test showed the best assay accuracy. This study highlights the challenges of implementing rapid molecular assays in field conditions. Factors that are important for successful deployment across countries include the implementation of standardized operation procedures, in-person continuous training for staff, and enhanced quality control measures.
A possible risk of environmental exposure to HEV in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
(Taylor & Francis, 2020-08-13) Olayinka, A.; Ifeorah, I. M.; Omotosho, O.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Odukaye, O.; Bolaji, O.; Ibitoye, I.; Ope-Ewe, O.; Adewumi, M. O.; Adeniji, J. A.
"Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is both a major public health concern and emerging global health concern, with a documented incidence of 20 million, 3.4 million clinical cases, 70,000 deaths, and 3,000 stillbirths. The aetiologic agent, HEV is a primarily enterally transmitted hepatotropic virus. Fecal samples were collected from three selected pig farms across Ibadan, South-west Nigeria. Randomly picked samples were pooled per unit pen and fecal suspensions prepared were subjected to HEV Antigen (Ag) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular probing was done by Reverse Transcription and nested polymerase reaction (RT-nPCR) and deep sequencing. Sequencing was done paired-end for 300 cycles using the HiSeq system. Overall farm prevalence of 66.7% (2/3) and prevalence at individual level of 13.2% (9/68) were recorded. All nine samples positive for the ELISA screen were negative when subjected to RT-nPCR assays. Further, on deep sequencing, no HEV genomic fragment was found in the sample using de-novo assembly. Findings suggest possibly inapparent HEV in the pigs studied or a yet to be identified protein with HEV-Ag cross-reactivity ability on ELISA, thus constituting a possible risk of exposure to HEV infection in the population. Consequently, we recommend prompt intervention to unravel the mystery and break the chain of transmission.
A randomized, open-label trial of combined nitazoxanide and atazanavir/ritonavir for mild to moderate COVID-19
(Frontiers Media, 2022-09) Fowotade, A.; Bamidele, F.; Egbetola, B.; Fagbamigbe, A. F.; Adeagbo, B. A.; Adefuye, B. O.; Olagunoye, A.; Ojo, T. O.; Adebiyi, A. O.; Olagunju, O. I.; Ladipo, O. T.; Akinloye, A.; Onayade, A.; Bolaji, O. O.; Rannard, S.; Happi, C.; Owen, A.; Olagunju, A.
Background: The nitazoxanide plus atazanavir/ritonavir for COVID-19 (NACOVID) trial investigated the efficacy and safety of repurposed nitazoxanide combined with atazanavir/ritonavir for COVID-19. Methods: This is a pilot, randomized, open-label multicenter trial conducted in Nigeria. Mild to moderate COVID-19 patients were randomly assigned to receive standard of care (SoC) or SoC plus a 14-day course of nitazoxanide (1,000 mg b.i.d.) and atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100 mg od) and followed through day 28. Study endpoints included time to clinical improvement, SARS-CoV-2 viral load change, and time to complete symptom resolution. Safety and pharmacokinetics were also evaluated (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04459286). Results: There was no difference in time to clinical improvement between the SoC (n = 26) and SoC plus intervention arms (n = 31; Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted hazard ratio, aHR = 0.898, 95% CI: 0.492–1.638, p = 0.725). No difference was observed in the pattern of saliva SARS-CoV- 2 viral load changes from days 2–28 in the 35% of patients with detectable virus at baseline (20/57) (aHR = 0.948, 95% CI: 0.341–2.636, p = 0.919). There was no significant difference in time to complete symptom resolution (aHR = 0.535, 95% CI: 0.251–1.140, p = 0.105). Atazanavir/ritonavir increased tizoxanide plasma exposure by 68% and median trough plasma concentration was 1,546 ng/ml (95% CI: 797–2,557), above its putative EC90 in 54% of patients. Tizoxanide was undetectable in saliva. Conclusion: Nitazoxanide co-administered with atazanavir/ritonavir was safe but not better than standard of care in treating COVID-19. These findings should be interpreted in the context of incomplete enrollment (64%) and the limited number of patients with detectable SARS-CoV-2 in saliva at baseline in this trial.
A rare case of Salmonella Typhi Meningitis in an eleven month old infant: a case report
(Association of Resident Doctors, University College Hospital, Ibadan, 2012) Nwadike, V. U.; Fowotade, A.; Tuta, K. E.; Olusanya, O. O.
Non-typhoidal Salmonella are infrequent causes of childhood meningitis. Most reports of Salmonella typhi meningeal infections are confined to neonates. A rare instance of S. typhi in an otherwise healthy eleven month old infant is being reported.
A review of swine Influenza: an emerging pandemic
(African Journals Online, 2009) Fowotade, A.; Agbede, O.; Nwabuisi, C.; Fadeyi, A.
An unprecedented epizootic swine Influenza A (HINT) virus that is highly pathogenic has crossed the species barrier in Mexico to cause many human fatalities and poses an increasing pandemic threat. This summary describes the aetiopathogenesis of human infection with Influenza A (HINI) and reviews recommendations for prevention and clinical management.
A surveillance of estrogen receptor (er), progesterone receptor (pr) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (her-2) status in malignant female breast lesions in Bayelsa state, Nigeria.
(IJSER Publishing, 2019) Oduma-Sandy, C. I.; Achukwu, P. U.; Ajani, M. A.
A three (3) year retrospective study of Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR) and Human Epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status of previously diagnosed female breast cancers was done using immunohistochemistochemistry. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks of breast cancer cases from 2009-2011 were retrieved from the tissue block archives of the two major tertiary health institutions in the state; Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa and Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri. The result of this research work revealed the incidences of the receptor status as it occurred among 36 malignant female breast lesions in Bayelsa State as follows; ER+ve=13.8%, ER-ve=86.2%, PR+ve=19.4%, PR-ve=80.6%, HER2+ve=33.3% HER2-ve=66.7%, TR+=13.3% while TR-=55.7%. The statistical analysis of the result revealed that no significant relationship exists between the various age groups and the respective incidences of the receptor status. In the same vein, no significant relationship exists between the respective histopathologic diagnosis of the samples used and the incidences of the respective receptor status except for ER+ve and ER-ve whose incidences were found to have a significant relationship with the histopathologic diagnosis. This by implication means that the incidences of ER+ve and ER-ve respectively maybe dependent on the histopathologic diagnosis at P < 0.05. In conclusion, it is worthy of note here that while researches are on to tackle cancers and breast cancer in particular, there is need for even distribution of IHC facility or other molecular studies in the nation because of its role in breast cancer prevention strategies and patient management.
A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa
(American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2021) Wilkinson, E.; Giovanetti, M.; Tegally, H.; San, J. E.; Lessells, R.; Cuadros, D.; Martin, D. P.; Rasmussen, D. A.; Zekri, A. N.; Fowotade, A.
The progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous, and the full impact is not yet well understood. In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new variants.
Abatement of the dysfunctional hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis due to ciprofloxacin administration by selenium in male rats
(Wiley Periodicals LLC, 2021) Adedara, I. A.; Awogbindin, I. O.; Mohammed, K. A.; Da-Silva, O. F.; Farombi, E. O.
The present study examined the influence of selenium on ciprofloxacin‐mediated reproductive dysfunction in rats. The research design consisted of five groups of eight animals each. The rats were administered 135 mg/kg body weight of ciprofloxacin per se or simultaneously with selenium at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg for 15 uninterrupted days. Antioxidant and inflammatory indices were assayed using the testes, epididymis, and hypothalamus of the animals after sacrifice. Results revealed that ciprofloxacin treatment per se interfered with the reproductive axis as demonstrated by diminished serum hormonal levels, sperm quality, and enzymatic indices of testicular function, which were, however, abrogated following selenium co‐treatment. Besides this, administration of selenium attenuated the depletion of glutathione level, inhibition of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione‐Stransferase and glutathione peroxidase activities with a concomitant reduction in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and lipid peroxidation in ciprofloxacintreated in rats. Selenium treatment also mitigated ciprofloxacin‐mediated elevation in nitric oxide level and of myeloperoxidase activity as well as histological lesions in the animals. Overall, selenium attenuated impairment in the male reproductive axis due to ciprofloxacin treatment through abatement of inflammation and oxidative stress in rats.
Abundance of enterovirus C in RD-L20B cell culture-negative stool samples from acute flaccid paralysis cases in Nigeria is geographically defined
(Microbiology Society, 2018) Donbraye, E.; Olasunkanmi, O. I.; Opabode, B. A.; Ishola, T. R.; Faleye, T. O. C; Adewumi, O. M.; Adeniji, J. A.
Purpose. We recently showed that enteroviruses (EVs) andenterovirus species C (EV-C) in particular were abundant in faecal samples from children who had been diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Nigeria but declared to be EV-free by the RD-L20B cell culture-based algorithm. In this study, we investigated whether this observed preponderance of EVs (and EV-Cs) in such samples varies by geographical region. Methodology. One hundred and eight samples (i.e. 54 paired stool suspensions from 54 AFP cases) that had previously been confirmed to be negative for EVs by the WHO recommended RD-L20B cell culture-based algorithm were analysed. The 108 samples were made into 54 pools (27 each from North-West and South-South Nigeria). All were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and the WHO-recommended semi-nested PCR assay and its modifications. All of the amplicons were sequenced, and the enteroviruses identified, using the enterovirus genotyping tool and phylogenetic analysis. Results. EVs were detected in 16 (29.63 %) of the 54 samples that were screened and successfully identified in 14 (25.93 %). Of these, 10 were from North-West and 4 were from South-South Nigeria. One (7.14 %), 2 (14.29 %) and 11 (78.57 %) of thestrains detected were EV-A, EV-B and EV-C, respectively. The 10 strains from North-West Nigeria included 7 EV types, namely CV-A10, E29, CV-A13, CV-A17, CV-A19, CV-A24 and EV-C99. The four EV types recovered from South-South Nigeria were E31, CV-A1, EV-C99 and EV-C116. Conclusion. The results of this study showed that the presence of EVs and consequently EV-Cs in AFP samples declared to be EV-free by the RD-L20B cell culture-based algorithm varies by geographical region in Nigeria.
Acute diethyl nitrosamine and cadmium co‐exposure exacerbates deficits in endocrine balance, sperm characteristics and antioxidant defence mechanisms in testes of pubertal rats
(Blackwell Verlag GmbH, 2019) Owumi, S. E.; Adedara, I. A.; Duro-Ladipo, A.; Farombi, E. O.
Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and cadmium are environmental contaminants of known poisonous consequences in animals and humans. We examined the influence of acute oral co‐exposure to DEN (10 mg/kg) and cadmium (5 mg/kg) on endocrine balance, semen and antioxidant status in rat testes. The results indicated decreases (p < 0.05) in the weight of the testis and organo‐somatic index of the testes in rats administered with either DEN or cadmium were aggravated in the co‐exposed rats. Serum concentrations of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and testosterone decreased, and were more pronounced in rats co‐treated with DEN and cadmium. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities decreased following separate exposure to DEN and cadmium, and were increased in rats co‐treated with DEN and cadmium. The significant (p < 0.05) increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) was complemented by marked increase in sperm abnormalities, reduction in the sperm count, motility and viability compared with control. Histologically, co‐exposure to DEN and cadmium aggravates their discrete effects on the testes. Co‐exposure to DEN and cadmium elicited more severe endocrine disruption and testicular oxidative damage in rats, revealing additive adverse effects on testicular functions in rats and as such, may put exposed individual at greater risk.
Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Two Geographical Regions of Nigeria
(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2017) Ifeorah, I. M.; Bakarey, A. S.; Faleye, T. O. C.; Adewumi, M. O.; Akere, A.; Omoruyi, C. E.; Ogunwale, A. O.; Awokunle, R. F.; Sekoni, D. E.; Adeniji, J. A.
This study was therefore designed to describe acute HEV infection among antenatal clinic attendees and community dwellers from two geographical regions in Nigeria. Seven hundred and fifty plasma samples were tested for HEV IgM by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The tested samples were randomly selected from a pool of 1,115 blood specimens previously collected for viral hepatitis studies among selected populations (pregnant women, 272; Oyo community dwellers, 438; Anambra community dwellers, 405) between September 2012 and August 2013. One (0.4%) pregnant woman in her 3rd trimester had detectable HEV IgM, while community dwellers fromthe two study locations had zero prevalence rates of HEV IgM.Detection of HEV IgM in a pregnant woman, especially in her 3rd trimester, is of clinical and epidemiological significance.The need therefore exists for establishment of a robust HEV surveillance system in Nigeria and especially amidst the pregnant population in a bid to improve maternal and child health.
Aflatoxin B1 disrupts the androgen biosynthetic pathway in rat Leydig cells
(Elsevier Ltd., 2014) Adedara, I. A.; Nanjappa, M. K.; Farombi, E. O.; Akingbemi, B. T.
The present study investigated if Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent and naturally occurring mycotoxin, interferes with the steroidogenic pathway in rat Leydig cells. Testicular Leydig cells are the predominant source of the male sex steroid hormone testosterone (T) that maintains the male phenotype and support fertility. Leydig cells, isolated from 35-day-old male Long-Evans rats (Rattus norvegicus), were incubated with AFB1 at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 lM followed by measurement of T secretion by radioimmunoassay and analysis of protein expression in western blots. Results demonstrated that AFB1 suppressed testosterone secretion in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited expression of cholesterol transporter steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and steroidogenic enzymes [(3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD) and 17b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme (HSD17B3)]. Protein expression analysis showed that AFB1 treatment increased ERK phosphorylation but suppressed p38 MAPK and JNK activation in Leydig cells. AFB1-induced inhibition of Leydig cells was alleviated by co-treatment with the ERK inhibitor UO 126, implying that ERK mediates, at least in part, the inhibitory effects of AFB1 in Leydig cells. The findings highlight potential extra-hepatic effects of aflatoxin exposure and indicate that exposure to AFB1 has significant reproductive health implications for consumers of contaminated products even under conditions of low dietary toxin levels.
An exegesis of bacteriophage therapy: An emerging player in the fight against anti-microbial resistance
(AIMS Press, 2020) Adesanya, O.; Oduselu, T.; Akin-Ajani, O.; Adewumi, O. M.; Ademowo, O. G.
Bacteriophages (simply referred to as Phages) are a class of viruses with the ability to infect and kill prokaryotic cells (bacteria), but are unable to infect mammalian cells. This unique ability to achieve specific infectiousness by bacteriophages has been harnessed in antibacterial treatments dating back almost a decade before the antibiotic era began. Bacteriophages were used as therapeutic agents in treatment of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae as far back as 1919 and in the experimental treatment of a wide variety of other bacterial infections caused by Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp. etc, with varying degrees of success. Phage therapy and its many prospects soon fell out of favour in western medicine after the Second World War, with the discovery of penicillin. The Soviet Union and other countries in Eastern Europe however mastered the craft of bacteriophage isolation, purification and cocktail preparation, with phage-based therapeutics becoming widely available over-the-counter. With the recent rise in cases of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections, the clamour for a return to phage therapy, as a potential solution to the anti-microbial resistance (AMR) crisis has grown louder. This review provides an extensive exposé on phage therapy, addressing its historical use, evidences of its safety and efficacy, its pros and cons when compared with antibiotics, cases of compassionate use for treating life-threatening antibiotic-resistant infections, the limitations to its acceptance and how these may be circumvented.