FACULTY OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
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Item Neuroprotective mechanisms of selenium against arsenic-induced behavioral impairments in rats(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Adedara, I. A.; Fabunmi, A. T.; Ayenitaju, A. C.; Atanda, O. E.; Adebowale, A. A.; Ajayi, B. O.; Rocha, J. B. T.; Owoeye, O.; Farombi, E. O.Environmental pollution due to arsenic is associated with several adverse health effects including neurotoxicity in animals and humans. Selenium is a nutritionally essential trace metalloid well documented to elicit com- pelling pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo. Report on the influence of selenium on arsenic-mediated behavioral derangement is lacking in literature. Hence, to fill this knowledge gap, rats were either exposed to arsenic per se in drinking water at 60 pg AsO2Na/L or co-administered with inorganic selenium at 0.25 mg/kg or organic selenium diphenyl diselenide (DPDS) at 2.5 mg/kg body weight for 45 successive days. Neurobehavioural data from rats in a new environment using video-tracking software evinced that inorganic and organic forms of selenium significantly (p < 0.05) abrogated arsenic-induced motor and locomotor in- sufficiencies such as increased negative geotaxis and fecal pellets numbers as well as the diminution in grip strength, body rotation, maximum speed, absolute turn angle and total distance travelled. The augmentation in the behavioral activities in rats co-administered with arsenic and both forms of selenium was substantiated using track and occupancy plots analyses. Selenium mitigated arsenic-induced decreases in glutathione level and acetylcholinesterase activity as well as the increase in oxidative stress and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Moreover, selenium diminished inflammatory parameters (myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide, tumour ne- crosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta levels), caspase-3 activity and ameliorated histological lesions in the cerebellum, cerebrum and liver of the rats. Collectively, selenium abated arsenic-induced behavioral derange- ments via anti-inflammation, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in rats.Item Selenium abates reproductive dysfunction via attenuation of biometal accumulation, oxido-inflammatory stress and caspase-3 activation in male rats exposed to arsenic(Elsevier Ltd., 2019) Adedara, I. A.; Adebowale, A. A.; Atanda, O. E.; Fabunmi, A. T.; Ayenitaju, A. C.; Rocha, J. B. T.; Farombi, E. O.Frequent exposure to arsenic is well documented to impair reproductive function in humans and animals. Biological significance of inorganic selenium and organoselenium, diphenyl selenide (DPDS), has been attributed to their pharmacological activities. However, their roles in arsenic-mediated reproductive toxicity is lacking in literature. The present study evaluated the protective effects elicited by selenium and DPDS in arsenic-induced reproductive deficits in rats. Animals were either exposed to arsenic alone in drinking water at 60 µg AsO₂Na L⁻¹ or co-treated with selenium at 0.25 mg kg⁻¹ or DPDS at 2.5 mg kg⁻¹ body weight for 45 consecutive days. Results indicated that arsenic-mediated deficits in spermatogenic indices and marker enzymes of testicular function were significantly abrogated in rats co-treated with selenium or DPDS. Additionally, selenium or DPDS co-treatment prevented arsenic-mediated elevation in oxidative stress indices and significantly suppressed arsenic-mediated inflammation evidenced by diminished myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta levels in hypothalamus, testes and epididymis of the rats. Moreover, selenium or DPDS abrogated arsenic mediated activation of caspase-3 activity and histological lesions in the treated rats. Taken together, selenium or DPDS improved reproductive function in arsenic-exposed rats via suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress and caspase-3 activation in rats.Item The impact of selected heavy metals to dyspermia in Nigeria(2014-06) Opurum, H. C.; Abbiyesuku, F. M.; Charles-Davies, M. A.Declining male fertility is of global concern and has been linked to the effects of some heavy metals which are recognised as testicular toxins. Selenium and zinc play specific roles in heavy metal detoxification, testosterone metabolism, sperm formation and motility. This study was aimed at identifying the possible contribution of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) to sperm defects in Nigerian men. 120 males (20-54 years) were recruited after informed consent. These were age-matched 77 dyspermics and 43 normospermics. Semen samples were collected from subjects by masturbation after 3-5 days of abstinence from sexual intercourse. Spermiogram and sperm morphological characteristics were done using WHO guidelines and Tygerberg Strict criteria respectively. 10 ml of blood was obtained from each participant. Serum and seminal plasma were obtained by centrifugation of clotted blood and semen respectively. Cd, Pb, Se and Zn were assayed in serum and seminal plasma by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Data were analysed using t-test, ANOVA and multiple regressions at p=0.05. Increased serum Zn/Cd (p=0.04) and Se/Cd (p=0.03) significantly predicted increased semen volume in dypermics. Increased seminal plasma Se/Pb (p=0.05) significantly predicted increased normal sperm morphology. Increased serum Cd significantly predicted increased tail defects (p=0.008) whereas, increased serum Se/Cd significantly predicted decreased tail defects (p=0.01) in normospermics only. Increased serum Zn/Cd significantly predicted (p=0.048) decreased Teratozoospermia index (TZI). Increased seminal plasma Zn (p=0.04) and Zn/Pb (p=0.04) significantly predicted decreased sperm deformity index (SDI) respectively. Reduced levels of selenium and zinc in dyspermic males may account for the loss of their protective effect against cadmium and lead toxicity to the testes.Item Cadmium level in pregnancy, influence on neonatal birth weight and possible amelioration by some essential trace elements(2013) Ikeh-Tawari, E. P.; Anetor, J. I.; Charles-Davies, M. A.Cadmium (Cd) is currently of great concern in rapidly industrializing countries‑India, China. Their products consumed especially due to increase demand in many developing countries like Nigeria can result in adverse effects. Cd is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and toxicant and humans are continually exposed to the toxic effects of Cd primarily through food as well as from environmental pollution through industrial activities. Maternal exposure to Cd has been associated with the delivery of low‑birth weight babies and an increase incidence of spontaneous abortion. Cd a toxic metal can displace zinc (Zn) an essential element necessary for normal fetal development and growth. With this consideration, 160 subjects comprising of 125 pregnant and 35 non‑pregnant subjects as controls were recruited for this study. The pregnant subjects were classified according to the three trimesters of pregnancy as followed; 35, 35, and 55 from the first to the third trimesters respectively. The third trimester subjects were followed‑up until after delivery where neonatal parameters (birth weight, head circumference, and length) of babies were measured. 32 (58%) of the women delivered babies with normal birth weight, 19 women (35%) delivered babies with low‑birth weight while four women (7%) delivered babies with high‑ birth weight. Subject who delivered low‑birth weight babies had significantly higher Cd concentration and lower Zn concentration and body mass index when compared with those with normal weight babies. These results suggest that Cd indeed has some toxic effects on neonatal birth weight.