FACULTY OF PHARMACY
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Item Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of terminalia mantaly H. Perrier (Combretaceae) on multidrug resistant (MDR) wound pathogens(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Oyekan, O. O.; Akinbami, A. N.Multidrug resistant (MDR) wound pathogens have rendered many antimicrobials ineffective in the treatment of infected wounds. Medicinal plants used to treat wound infections, especially in developing countries can furnish new and effective agents. Therefore, Terminalia mantaly used locally to treat infections was evaluated for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methanol extracts of leaves and roots were tested at 20 and 10mg/ml on thirty-two clinical isolates of wound bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) from three Nigerian hospitals. Antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were determined by agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods respectively. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by catalase, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The extracts showed good antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition between 12-35mm on all the tested pathogens with better activity on Gram–negative bacteria including the MDR strains. The MICs (and MBC) of leaf and root extracts were between 0.625-5mg/ml (1.25-10mg/ml) and 0.625-5mg/ml (1.25-5mg/ml) respectively. Leaf extract gave good antioxidant activity, better than root (comparable with ascorbic acid) of 73.77% inhibition on hydrogen peroxide scavenging, 76.36% inhibition on lipid peroxidation and 61.68% DPPH radical scavenging activities. Extracts of Terminalia mantaly showed good antioxidant and antibacterial activities, justifying the traditional uses of the plants. Further, the activity on MDR pathogens revealed the plant as a potential source of newer antibacterial agents for treating wound infections caused by MDR pathogens.Item Phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial studies of extracts and chromatographic fractions of Gmelina arborea Roxb (Lamiaceae).(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria, 2024) Idowu, P. A.; Ashiru, A. O.; Idowu, D. O.; Olaiya, C. O.; Karigidi, K.Antimicrobial resistance and oxidative stress are increasing and researchers are being encouraged to search the natural plant products, due to their popular usage in ethno-medicine, for alternative source of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. Gmelina arborea used in West-Africa and Ayurveda folkloric medicine to cure several diseases was therefore investigated for phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Extracts and chromatographic fractions of the root-bark tested for antibacterial activity with the MIC determined on seven selected bacteria using agar dilution method. The antioxidant capacity of the crude extracts was determined by six (6) methods: total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl) properties. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids anthraquinones, phenols and alkaloids. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant showed good antibacterial activities (18 mm inhibitory zones and MIC and MBC 12.5–100 mg/mL) against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and S. aureus ATCC 6571. Antioxidant study of the extracts revealed that both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have good antioxidant capacity comparable to that of ascorbic acid standard. Therefore, Gmelina arborea could prove a valuable source of developing new antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds for therapeutic uses.Item Chemical composition and biological activities of volatile oil of the stem of Dombeya buettneri K. Schum. (Sterculiaceae).(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Idowu, D. O.; Aiyelaagbe, O. O.; Idowu, P. A.Essential oil, obtained from the stem of Dombeya buettneri and characterized by high resolution GC–MS was tested for antimicrobial (using broth dilution method) and antioxidant (using spectrophotometric methods: DPPH, FRAP and ABTS) properties. Forty-three (43) essential oil components were detected which account for 96.8% of the total oil content comprising mainly: Non-terpene derivatives (31.8%), Apocarotenes (24.3%), Sesquiterpenoids (15.3%), Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (14.4%), Monoterpenoids (10.1%) and Monoterpene hydrocarbons (0.9%). The major identified compounds in the oil were (E)- geranylacetone (14.8%), δ-cadinene (8.9%), n-hexadecane (7.8%), Tetradecanal (6.2%), β-ionone (4.9%), Borneol (4.2%), Viridiflorol (3.5%), Guaiol (3.4%), caryophyllene oxide (3.4%), Palustrol (2.5%) and Spathulenol (2.5%). The oil displayed antibacterial and antifungal activities on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 18804 with respective Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 6.25, 12.5 and 12.5%v/v. The Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentrations on the test organisms ranged from 12.5 to 25.0%v/v. The antioxidant assay by DPPH showed a concentration dependent values of 8.0993±0.827 at 25 mg/mL, 14.7657±0.8151 and 19.449±0.6678 at 100 mg/mL with good IC50 value of 1098 μg/mL as compared with reference ascorbic acid standard with IC50 of 23.52 μg/mL. The Ferric reducing antioxidant assay (FRAP) showed activity at concentration of 0.076713±0.001227mg/FeSO4Equiv./g, while ABTS showed an activity at 0.3776±0.0025 mg AA Equiv./g with respect to the standards. The current study showed that the volatile oil of Dombeya buettneri stem possess good antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that could be utilized for cosmetic and pharmaceutical health benefits.Item Antibacterial effects of the leaves and twigs of Turraea vogelii on some enteric pathogens(Faculty of Science, Bauchi State University Gadau, Nigeria, 2023) Olufadi-Ahmed, H. Y.; Idowu, P. A.; Audu, H. J.Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis as well as antibacterial analysis of extracts of Turraea vogelii (Hook F.) leaves and twigs on some enteric pathogens were reported in the current study. The qualitative phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts showed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids and alkaloids. In addition, the quantitative phytochemical screening showed that the greatest percentage yield was from the methanol extract with alkaloids (8.8%) and terpenoids (8.7%) showing the highest concentrations. The antibacterial effects of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Turraea vogelii at concentrations 80 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL each were studied by the pour plate method. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Proteus mirabilis (five each) obtained from University College of Health (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria were employed as test organisms. Gentamicin was used as control at concentration of 10µg/mL. Preliminary antimicrobial assay using only methanol showed antimicrobial activity in both leaves and twigs. Results showed that Escherichia coli was most susceptible to all extracts of the leaves while Proteus mirabilis was the least susceptible. For the twigs, Salmonella typhi was most susceptible to the hexane extract, E. coli was most susceptible to ethyl acetate extract and Proteus mirabilis was most susceptible to the methanol extract. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of leaves showed that its hexane extract is bacteriostatic at 40 mg/mL but at 20 mg/mL, it showed bacteriostatic activity against Proteus mirabilis. The methanol extract of the twigs had an MIC of 20 mg/mL for most of the isolates collected except the Salmonella typhi that had an MIC of 40 mg/mL. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the ethyl acetate extract of leaves and methanol extract of twigs was 40 mg/mL. This study has demonstrated the antibacterial effect of leaves and twigs extracts of T. vogelii on some enteric pathogens.Item Bioassay-guided isolation of an antibacterial flavone and cytotoxicity of the leaf extracts of Vitex rivularis Gurke (Lamiaceae)(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, 2022) Idowu, P. A.; Samuel, B. B.; Mbachu, C. C.Background: The global challenge of resistance to several antibacterial agents has necessitated the continuous search for new antibacterial molecules. Natural products have proven to be a major source of new therapies for infections. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities of Vitex rivularis leaf extract and isolate its bioactive principle based on its local application in the treatment of bacterial infections. Materials and Methods: Methanol extract was tested against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6638, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 59232, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 15290 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. Cytotoxicity activity of the crude extract was done using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay (BSLA). Crude methanolic extract was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel and that afforded eight fractions (F1 – F8). The pooled fractions were monitored for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude and the most active fraction were determined by agar-dilution method using Gentamicin as the positive control. Fraction 7 was purified by recrystallisation in ethyl acetate to obtain Compound F7. The isolated bioactive compound was characterized by spectroscopic data (IR, 1H and 13C NMR, COSY, HMQC). Results: The MIC of the extract and isolated compound, F7, were between 0.25-0.50 mg/ml on E. coli and B. subtilis. Cytotoxicity activity showed LC50 of leaf extract to be 168.66µg/ml. The structure of the isolated bioactive compound was confirmed to be 5-hydroxy-3',4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone. Conclusion: The observed antibacterial activity of Vitex rivularis leaf extract justified the traditional use of the plant’s leaf in the treatment of bacterial infections by local users. The isolated compound can serve as a lead compound in the development of new antimicrobials agents.Item Comparative antibacterial activity of five brands of ciprofloxacin injectables in Nigeria(Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Nigeria, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Shonubi, E. O.Background: Ciprofloxacin, a widely used antimicrobial agent, is available in Nigeria in various tablet and injectable dosage forms. In this era of fake and substandard drugs, it is important to be sure of the quality and antimicrobial potency of ciprofloxacin injectables imported and sold in Nigeria. Objectives: This study is aimed at evaluating and comparing the antibacterial efficacy of five different brands of ciprofloxacin infusion available in Nigeria against clinical bacterial isolates. Method: Ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy was used to determine the percentage content of active pharmaceutical ingredient in each brand, while antibacterial activities were compared against five bacterial strains including: Escherichia coli (E), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps), Proteus mirabilis (Pr), Staphylococcus aureus (St) and Salmonella typhi (Sa). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) were determined by broth dilution method. Statistical analysis of the results obtained was done by ANOVA. Result: The percentage content of all the five brands of ciprofloxacin injection was not less than the specification (95-105%) of the British Pharmacopoeia, BP (2009). The susceptibility test showed that 16 out of 30 (53.3%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Ciprofloxacin was active on most of the clinical isolates which justify its wide use in treating infections in Nigeria; however, resistance to ciprofloxacin is increasing. Conclusion: Comparing the different brands, there was slight variation but no significant difference (p> 0.05) in their antibacterial activity (p= 0.96, 0.999 for sensitivity at 10µg/ml and MIC respectively).Item Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Terminalia mantaly H. Perrier (Combretaceae) on multidrug resistant (MDR) wound pathogens(Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Olaiya, C. O.; Afolayan, F. J.Multidrug resistant (MDR) wound pathogens have rendered many antimicrobials ineffective in the treatment of infected wounds. Medicinal plants used to treat wound infections, especially in developing countries can furnish new and effective agents. Therefore, Terminalia mantaly used locally to treat infections was evaluated for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methanol extracts of leaves and roots were tested at 20 and 10mg/ml on thirty-two clinical isolates of wound bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) from three Nigerian hospitals. Antibacterial activity and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were determined by agar well diffusion and agar dilution methods respectively. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by catalase, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide and DPPH free radical scavenging activities. The extracts showed good antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition between 12-35mm on all the tested pathogens with better activity on Gram–negative bacteria including the MDR strains. The MICs (and MBC) of leaf and root extracts were between 0.625-5mg/ml (1.25-10mg/ml) and 0.625-5mg/ml (1.25-5mg/ml) respectively. Leaf extract gave good antioxidant activity, better than root (comparable with ascorbic acid) of 73.77% inhibition on hydrogen peroxide scavenging, 76.36% inhibition on lipid peroxidation and 61.68% DPPH radical scavenging activities. Extracts of Terminalia mantaly showed good antioxidant and antibacterial activities, justifying the traditional uses of the plants. Further, the activity on MDR pathogens revealed the plant as a potential source of newer antibacterial agents for treating wound infections caused by MDR pathogens.Item Phytochemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial studies of Lannea egregia Engl. & K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) extracts and chromatography fractions.(National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), Abuja, Nigeria, 2020) Idowu, P. A.; Ekemezie, C. L.; Olaiya, C. O.Screening ‘new’ medicinal plants of traditional importance for bioactive components is a sure way of discovering novel therapeutic agents to treat diseases. This study, therefore investigated the presence of phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial components of the extracts of Lannea egregia. Phytochemical screening was done by standard methods. Antibacterial activity of the extracts of Lannea egregia was determined by agar well diffusion method while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution method. The antioxidant capacity of the crude extracts was determined through the evaluation of total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl. The phytochemical screening of the different parts of this plant revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, emodins, phlobatannins, anthocyanins, coumarins and phenolics. Phlobatannins was observed to be absent in the stem bark. The crude extracts obtained from the leaves, stem bark and roots of this plant exhibited good antibacterial activity against typed strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The diameter of the zone of inhibition ranged from 9.0 to 26.0 mm at 100 mg/mL for all the plant parts. The ethyl acetate leaf extract of this plant possessed the highest antibacterial activity with MIC and MBC values of the range of (3.125 to ˃50 mg/mL) and (12.5 to ˃50 mg/mL) respectively. The zone inhibition of the chromatographic fractions of both plants ranged 15-23 mm. Antioxidant study of the extracts of the leaf of L. egregia revealed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have good antioxidant potentials comparable to that of ascorbic acid control. This study has revealed that the extracts from different parts of L. egregia possess good antibacterial and antioxidant activities which could be a function of the various phytochemicals detected in the plant.