scholarly works in Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item "Assessment of physical and chemical characteristics, heavy metals composition in Awba Dam: Contamination levels in sediment, soil, Amaranthus hybridus (L.) and effluents from different drains in University of Ibadan(Ecological Society of Nigeria, 2023) Ajibola, F. O.; Fayinminnu, O. O."The indiscriminate use of heavy metal-compounded fertilisers and pesticides as well as the release of raw and ill-treated domestic wastewater into water courses poses threats to living organisms in the environment. This study therefore, evaluated the physical and chemical properties and heavy metals contamination levels in water and sediments of Awba dam, University of Ibadan with a view to assessing its quality and suitability for irrigation. Water samples from Upstream, Midstream and Downstream of Awba Dam and three drains containing outflows from areas with anthropogenic activities and solid sediment samples were collected from Awba Dam, while vegetable and soil samples were collected from a nearby farm (200 m away) from the dam. Samples were analysed for physical and chemical parameters (pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, COD)], nitrate and phosphate), and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Ni and Pb) in the water, sediment, Amaranthus hybridus and soil were determined using standard methods. Data obtained were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Results revealed DO having highest value (3.77 mg/L) at Tech and maximum values of BOD (14.67 mg/L) and COD (57.06 mg/L) were obtained at upstream and these were above the WHO limits. Highest nitrate level (36.45 mg/L) was at Tech and lowest (20.44 mg/L) at downstream. Similarly, phosphate value in all locations ranged from 0.09-0.61 mg/L. All heavy metal levels were in non- detectable quantities in water and Amaranthus hybridus. In sediment, Cr and Co had highest values of 13.67 and 5.33 mg/kg, respectively at upstream and Ni had 12350 mg/kg at midstream, all above the USEPA Sediment Criteria. Also, Ni had the highest value (18811.00 mg/kg) in soil. The chemical oxygen demand in water as well as nickel concentrations in both sediments from Awba Dam and soil were high. Therefore, there is need for regular monitoring of these parameters is recommended."Item Cowpea Farmers’ knowledge and attitudes towards health risks associated with synthetic Insecticide utilization in Nigerian Southern Guinea savannah ecological zone(2023) Ogunkunle, F. A.; Fadina, O. O.; Fayinminnu, O. O.The impacts of insecticide can not be overemphasized in ensuring food security; however, health consequences of these chemicals’ residues in crops remain a big challenge to food safety. The aim of this study was to elucidate Southern Guinea Savannah cowpea farmers’ knowledge of insecticide and safety practices in line with their concern for the health hazards involved through their attitudes. A total of 270 cowpea farmers participated in this study through thorough interview and field observations. Differential and inferential analysis was used for the study. Cypermethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin and Chlorpyrifos were active ingredients of insecticides mostly used in the study area in that order. Majority of the farmers would probably overuse at every application (40% to 50.1%), apply insecticides at almost point of harvest (37.1% to 59.2%) and would most likely not take precautionary measures towards personal protection against insecticide exposure (up to 99.3%). There was a significant (p<0.05)association between education level and appropriate precautionary handling of insecticides which was strong and positive. Educated farmers were hence likely take to recommendation in insecticides application (in dosage and frequency). Majority of farmers’ decision in the choice of insecticides were influenced by the insecticide retailers (68.9% to 77%), which calls for further studies on the insecticides’ knowledge and perception of these retailers. Agricultural extension agents need to be involved in insecticides distribution for appropriate guidance of farmers, and also establish hazardous waste collection service in conjunction with ministry of environment in the study area to curtail indiscriminate disposal of pesticide wastes.Item Health Risk Assessment of Amaranthus Species Grown on Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers(2022) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Owolabi, O. F.; Isienyi, N. C.Human health and environmental issues associated with intensive and vastly industrialized agriculture is the main cause of the constantly growing interest in organic farming. The objective of this study was to assess the heavy metals (Cd, Cr, and Pb) in Amaranthus cruentus (AC) and Amaranthus spinosus (AS) grown on organic fertilizer (poultry droppings (PD)) and mineral fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15). The seeds of AC and AS were sown separately in a pot containing 5kg soil. Each Amaranthus variety consisted of these treatments: control (C), organic fertilizer (PD) and mineral fertilizer (NPK 15:15:15); all laid out in completely randomized design and replicated four times. Pre physico-chemical properties and heavy metals of the experimental soil and treatments were analyzed using standard procedures, also Health Risk Index (HRI) was determined. Application of NPK at 4g/5kg soil and PD 10g/5kg soil was done and left for 7 days for better nutrient mineralization. Plants were thinned to 2 stands per pot after two weeks-after-sowing (WAS). Parameter(s) on growth were taken at 2, 4, and 5-WAS, while that of yield at harvest was done at 5-WAS. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (p<0.05). Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in growth parameters from A. cruentus and A. spinosus at 2, 4 and 5 WAS across all treatments (C, PD and NPK) applied. Results obtained at 5WAS showed the control with highest leaf area (34.13 cm2) from A. spinosus, while PD had 29.45 cm2. Also, A. cruentus treated with poultry droppings and control had 30.00 cm2 and 27.48 cm2, respectively. At fresh weight (yield) A. cruentus had the highest value (259.00g) treated with NPK compared to PD (167.75 g) and control (129.75 g), while A. spinosus had 179.75 g treated with NPK compared to control (162.75 g) and PD (135.75g). The control had high total dry weight of 35.50g from A. spinosus and 28.50g from A. cruentus. This study showed that NPK applied 4g/5kg soil gave the best performances in growth, fresh and dry matter yield in A. cruentus when compared to A. spinosus. Heavy metals result showed that Cd concentration was not detected in soil, root and shoot samples of A. cruentus and A. spinosus. Chromium levels were within the FAO/WHO (2001) tolerance level (Cr = 0.2 mg/kg), while concentrations of Pb were exceedingly higher in root and shoot samples of A. cruentus and A. spinosus above the permissible level (Pb = 0.3 mg/kg) in NPK treatments than poultry droppings. The HRI of Cr for A cruentus in root was<1 in poultry droppings and NPK 15:15:15, while Pb >1 in poultry dropping treatments of root and shoot. Consumption of vegetables with remarkably high contents of Pb especially in NPK 15:15:15 plots and high values of the Health Risk Index in poultry droppings should be well considered by the populace. Monitoring of vegetables grown on both organic and mineral fertilizers is required for quality food and safety.Item Dichlorvos (2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate DDVP (SNIPER)) Toxicity on Histological Organs of Wistar Rats Fed on Treated Cowpea Grains (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)(Macrothink Institute, 2022) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adebimpe, R. A.; Adebiyi, E. O.; Oshoke, F. I.Cowpea is an important grain legume that provides half of the plant protein and is consumed worldwide. The crop is usually affected by pests on the field and in storage which always result in huge losses, hence being controlled by using synthetic pesticides. However, consumption of cowpea grains treated with synthetic pesticides had resulted in bioaccumulation and several health-related problems. Therefore, this study examined the toxic effects of Dichlorvos (DDVP) treated cowpea grains fed to Wistar rats for four weeks. Sixteen male rats weighing 125±20g were used for this experiment. They were randomly divided into four groups of four rats each including the control and acclimatised for one week fed with Standard Feed Ratio (SFR). The DDVP (98% purity) was applied at the rates of 0 (control), 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43mL/kg directly to 1kg cowpea grains of IT 89k-391, respectively. Treated cowpea grains were milled (with a 2 mm sieve) and mixed with SFR and fed to the animals daily for four weeks. Data were collected weeks after treatment (WAT) on feed intake, body weight gain/loss, hematology, and, serum chemistry and analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05, while histopathology was examined. Results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all the parameters. There was a reduction in feed intake and body weights progressively in DDVP cowpea treated animals, while the control animals increased. Hematological parameters showed 0.23 mL/kg DDVP recording the highest hemoglobin (g/dl) (17.00±1.16), while the lowest value in white blood cells (1100±5.78 x 103/μL), and 0.43 mL/kg recorded the lowest and highest red blood cells (103/μL) (5.34±0.78) and (8.83±0.23) all between 1 and 4 WAT. Serum parameters revealed Total protein having lowest values (5.22±0.01, 5.13±0.01, 5.18±0.01) from 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43 mL/kg DDVP treated animals. Alkaline phosphate, Aspartate aminotransferase, and Alanine transaminase recorded the highest values from 0.43 and 0.33 mL/kg treatments at 3 and 4 WAT, respectively. Histopathology at 1 to 4 WAT revealed capillary congestion with necrotic changes, severe cell infiltration of interstitial and parenchyma with inflammatory cells in the kidneys of 0.23, and 0.33 mL/kg DDVP cowpea fed animals. On liver organs, 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43 mL/kg treatments showed necrosis, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, and congestion with distinct cysts and granular formation. The central portions of livers were pale and distinct patterns of arrangement in cords were absent. However, the control animals recorded the highest values in the aforementioned parameters with clear and normal liver and kidney organs in the experiment. In this study, varied changes observed on the hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological parameters at 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43 mL/kg dichlorvos (DDVP) treated cowpea grains could result in impairment of vital organs, hence ill health issues. Continued use of dichlorvos for cowpea grains in preservation should be discouraged to prevent health problems and promote high-quality nutrition and safe food.Item Assessment of Thevetia neriifolia Juss. Toxicity as a Rodenticide in Wistar Rats(Macrothink Institute, 2022) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adebiyi, G. F.; Fashola, E. I.; Gbemibade, T. A; Ogunwole, O. A.Problems of rodents cannot be over underlined as a household and agricultural pest, damaging the crops on the field and stored produce thereby reducing qualities of produce. Controlling rodents using physical, biological and chemical methods have resulted in a slow rate success, several dangers on humans, animals and environment, hence they are discouraged. Thevetia neriifolia has been found to be a rich source of pesticide substance that could be used in crop protection; thus, its powdered form could be used as a baseline for potential natural rodenticide bait. The rodenticide capability of Thevetia neriifolia was evaluated using 50 female Wistar rats weighing 80±10 g which were acclimatized for seven days. The rats were allotted to ten treatments, each replicated five times. There was a Standard Reference Feed (diet) (SRF). The test samples were milled (with 2 mm sieve) sun-dried seed (SS), sun-dried leaf (SL) and sun-dried stem bark (SB). Each sample was incorporated at 15%, 30% and 45% into the reference diets. The allotments were in a completely randomized design. Experimental rats were fed with separate diets and supplied water ad-libitum for seven days. Results showed significant differences (p<0.05) in all the parameters. Rats on SS and SB at 45% inclusion levels had the lowest body weight reduction. Also, the lowest feed intake was observed in rats fed 45% SS, while those on 15% SL and SRF had the highest feed intake. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin were the only hematological parameters that differed significantly (p<0.05) at 15% and 45% SL inclusion levels. The serum biochemical parameters were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05). Organ sections (livers, hearts and kidneys) showed moderate congestion of sinusoids, multiple foci of mononuclear cells and congestion of renal blood vessels of rats on 45% SS inclusion level. No mortality or abnormal behavioural changes were observed among animals on SRF. Varying dietary inclusion levels of test samples resulted in rat mortalities which was attributed to cardiac glycosides. Rats on 45% SS died faster within 96 hours than those on corresponding inclusion levels of SB and SL which died after 216 hours. Therefore, Thevetia neriifolia has rodenticide capability and could be used as baits for rats.Item Evaluation of Poultry manure and Cow dung (Soil amendments) on Solanum lycopersicum L. planted on spent oil polluted soil(Macrothink Institute, 2021) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Isienyi, N. C.; Aigbokha, F. O.; Adediran, A. A.Pollution from Spent Lubricating Oil (SLO) is one of the major problems farmers encounter in Nigeria. The study is a completely randomized design with Ibadan Local tomato seedlings grown on the following treatments: 0 ml SLO (control), 75ml SLO, 35g of poultry-manure + 75ml SLO, 35g of cow-dung + 75ml SLO, and 4g of NPK + 75ml SLO replicated four times. Physico-chemical parameters of the soil, poultry manure (PM) and cow-dung (CD), heavy metals, and Total-Petroleum-Hydrocarbon (TPH) were determined before and after pollution using standard procedures. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into pots of amended soil with SLO (5 kg/2 plants) and monitored till maturity. Data were taken on growth, yield parameters and analyzed using ANOVA (p<0.05). Results showed significant differences among the treatments. The soil textural class was sandy-loamy with pH (7.2). Tomato in control plots had the highest values 48.30cm plant-height (PH), number-of-leaves (82.63) (NOL), number-of-fruits (0.98) (NOFR) and fresh-weight (0.55g) (FW). Tomato plants grown on CD amended had the lowest 14.40 cm PH, SLO at 75 ml had 6.00 and 1.71cm for NOL and SD, respectively. The NOFR 0.70 value was from PM amended, FW 0.10g was from SLO at 75ml. Heavy-metals bioaccumulation ranges were: Cu 3.00- 36.61mg/kg and Zn 15.00-303.79mg/kg. The final TPHs ranged from 181.66 -1350.00mg/kg, while % TPH removal ranged from 4.69- 53.18%. Cow-dung treated soil reduced the amount of copper and zinc present compared with spent oil soil. The growth performance of tomatoes in this study suggests that soil amendment should be encouraged.Item Organochlorine Residues in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) from selected markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria(2021) Fadina, O. O.; Daodu, B. J.; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Nwanguma, C. S.Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp) is one of the major stale plant protein food crops in Nigeria, but constantly being attacked by insects especially during storage. This has been a major production constraint which usually necessitated the use of synthetic pesticides and chemicals, but comes with the problems of high pesticides residues. In cowpea, only few information or research has been made as regarding the level of pesticides residues, therefore the objective of this study was to identify the awareness level and organochlorine insecticides residue presence trendy to cowpea grains. This study was carried out using a multiple choice questionnaire, in which three markets in Ibadan were selected as the case study due to their population and patronisation. The multiple choice questionnaire was used in getting information as regarding the pesticide used, method of application, duration of storage after pesticide application and level of awareness on the possible side effects of pesticides. Thirty samples of cowpea were collected from the selected three markets for residue analysis which was determined in an analytical laboratory using standard procedures. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that Fumigation, spraying and baiting were the mostly used method of application of pesticides and Aluminium phosphide, Betoxin and Quickphos were the mostly used pesticides during application. Higher percentage (56.67%) of the respondent store the food stuff for less than a month before exposing it to the market for sales, about 53.3% of the respondents shows their ignorance about the health hazard associated with pesticides. Organochlorine pesticide residues were detected in all the samples of cowpea grains examined with highest mean concentration of Endosulfan (0.7500 mg/kg 0.3508). This study showed organochlorine pesticide residues presence trendy to cowpea grains and were generally above the recommend EU MRLs. Thus, lack of awareness on the harmful effects of these pesticides will lead to further health implications.Item Heavy metals in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as influenced by Organic and Inorganic Fertilisers(2021) Fadina, O. O.; Nwanguma, C. S.; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Daodu, B. J.Heavy metals are significant environmental contaminants found on the surface and in the tissue of fresh vegetables through the use of phosphate and animal manure fertilisers applied to soil during production. A field study was carried out at the experimental site of National Horticultural Research Institute, Idi-ishin, Ibadan, to assess the heavy metal concentration in cucumber planted under different levels of phosphate (synthetic) and animal manure (organic) fertilisers. There were five treatments: Poultry manure,Composted cow dung, Liquid Organic fertiliser, NPK (15:15:15) and the control which were laid out in a randomised complete block design replicated three times. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters; plant height (PH), stem girth (SG), leaf area (LA), number of fruits (NOF) and fruit weight (FW) of cucumber. Heavy metal analysis was carried on all the fertilisers before use, on the soil and fruits after harvesting using standard procedures. Risk Assessment to human exposure was also determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05.Results were compared with the WHO and EU standards. The findings were used to determine the Daily Intake of Metals (DIM), the Health Risk Index (HRI) and the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ). The HRI and THQ for Lead were highest in compost (0.45) and (0.88) respectively although it is still below the tolerable limit (1). If used over time or eaten more often could lead to bio-accumulation and eventually respiratory and other carcinogenic diseases in humans.Item Toxicities of Parkia biglobosa Extract and Dimethoate + Cypermethrin Insecticide on Kidney and Liver of Wistar Rats Fed Treated Okra Fruits.(2020) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adeniyi, O. O.; Olatunde, R.This study evaluated the sub-acute toxicities of Parkia biglobosa aqueous pod husk extract (PAPHE) and Dimethoate + Cypermethrin (D+C) insecticides treated okra fruits (milled) on the kidney and liver of wistar rats. Thirty-two male wistar rats randomly divided into eight experimental groups of four rats each were used for this study. The treatments were animals fed with: Standard Ratio Feed (SRF) + untreated okra (T1), SRF+ 2.5ml D+C okra treated (T2), SRF+5.0 ml D+C okra treated (T3), SRF + 20% PAPHE okra treated (T4), SRF+ 15% PAPHE (T5), SRF+10% PAPHE (T6), SRF+ 5% PAPHE (T7) and SRF only (Control 0%) (T8). Drinking water was given ad libitum for 21 days. Animal groups were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and vital organs were removed. Hematology and serum biochemical assays and histopathological identifications were done using standard procedures. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (p<0.05), while histopathology was examined. Results revealed no significant differences (p>0.05) amongst the treatments with the exception of treatment T5. The STR+15% PAPHE okra treated (T5) revealed highest values of platelets (219x103/μL), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (21.61 g/dL), Globulin (4.57 g/dL), AST (45.67 U/L) and Creatinine (1.13 mg/dL). Treatment T5 was more toxic than the other treatments. Photomicrographs of sections of liver and kidney organs of the wistar rats showed lesions (necrosis) in all the treatments except the control groups fed on SRF and SRF + untreated okra and SRF+ okra treated with 5% PAPHE. As such, the aqueous pod husk extract of P. biglobosa (PAPHE) appeared to be safe for consumption at 5% concentration in agricultural sustainability for food quality and safety.Item Efficacy of Three Botanicals in Cowpea Field, Oyo State, Nigeria(2020) Isienyi, N. C.; Fadina, O. O.; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Olubode, O. S.Aims: To evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the plant extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EU), Eucalyptus torreliana (ET) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) on seedgermination, seedling-growth, weed flora and yield performance of cowpea. Study Design: The study was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with eighteen ttreatments replicated three (3) times, totaling fifty-four (54) experimental samples. The whole experiments were repeated in two trials. Place and Duration of the Study: This study was carried out on the roof top garden of department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria from 2015 to 2017. Methodology: Leaves of EU, ET and LL were harvested, air-dried, milled and assayed for phytochemicals (mg/g) following standard-procedures. Milled samples (144, 108, 72, 36 and 0 g) of each botanical were dissolved in 1 L distilled-water to obtain Aqueous-Leaf-Extracts (ALE) of 100, 75, 50, 25 and 0% (control) concentrations. Ten seeds of cowpea-Ife brown in petri dishes were treated with the different concentrations. Data were collected on Seed Germination-SG (%). In pots containing 10 kg soil, cowpea-seeds (2 plants/pot) were sown. Each botanical-extract at different concentrations and paraquat (5 mL/L/ha) were applied, before and five Weeks-After-Sowing (WAS). Data were collected on Plant height-PH (cm) at 3,5,7,9 and 11 WAS, while Grain Yield-GY (g/pot) was determined at maturity. Relative Importance Values (RIVs) were determined following standardprocedures. Data were analysed with descriptive-statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Results: Total phenols (32.04±0.10), tannins (27.40±0.04) and saponins (20.15±0.03) were significantly higher in EU than in ET and LL. Cowpea SG ranged from 80.0±0.5 (50% LL) to 100.0±1.2 (100% LL). Cowpea PH ranged from 18.2±2.0 (100% ET) to 48.5±3.2 (100% EU) both at 9-WAS. Cowpea GY ranged from 0.1±0.1 (25% LL) to 4.2±0.5 (50% LL). Mitracarpus villosus had highest RIV of 52.3 (100% EU at 3-WAS) but reduced to 28.5 (100% EU at 9-WAS). Aqueous-leafextract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis at 100% reduced Mitracarpus villosus populations, while Leucaena leucocephala at 50% improved grain yields.