scholarly works in Crop Protection & Environmental Biology
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Item Toxicity and Residue of Mexican mint (Plectranthus amboinicus Lour.) essential oil as a bio-insecticide on cowpea beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius)(Ecological Society of Nigeria, 2023) Fayinminnu, O.O.; Akeem, B. A.; Isienyi, N. C.; Alabi, O. Y."Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) (Walp)) is one of the legumes grown worldwide due to its high value in protein. However, the crop faces insects` attack from the field to storage especially Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea grain beetle) which has brought huge economic losses in storage. Insect pests of cowpea had been controlled with various synthetic insecticides but with hazardous effects on human health and the environment. This study assessed plant essential oil which could be used as an alternative to control stored cowpea grains beetles. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: To identify the compounds present in Mexican mint as a bio-insecticide, to determine the residue of the Mexican mint essential oil in treated cowpea grains and to determine the proximate analysis of treated cowpea grains. The study was conducted at Entomology Research Laboratory Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan using a susceptible cowpea variety Ife Brown cowpea grains. Six treatments: 0.75, 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g of Mexican mint essential oil, Phostoxin (0.01g recommended) and without treatment (control) were replicated four times and laid out in a completely randomized design. The essential oil extraction, the essential oil residue in cowpea grains and proximate analysis were determined using standard procedures. Data were collected on mortality of insects corrected with Abbott’s formula and analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Results revealed 26 compounds with two prominent compounds identified; monoterpenes (0.22-6.16%) and terpenes (0.28-4.16%). Toxicity of Mexican mint essential oil concentrations on C. maculatus gave a 93.75% mortality rate at 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g, respectively which compared favorably with phostoxin (100%), while the control gave highly significant reduction of 12.50%. Compounds found in the cowpea grains residues showed no trace of toxicity which were: alpha. -Pinene (144.98-346.79 mg/L); tau. -Muurolol and Linalool (0.22-0.54mg/L), Di- epi-1,10-cubenol (15.38mg/L) and alpha.-Cadinol (0.35mg/L), respectively from 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g. Proximate analysis of treated cowpea grains revealed essential oil at 0.75 mL/g having highest value of 29.75% in crude protein, highest (91.00%) dry matter was obtained from 2.25 mL/g, similar values of 10.75 and 11.14% moisture content was recorded from 0.75 and 1.25mL/g, respectively. Highest similar values ranging from 54.16-54.56% of carbohydrate were obtained from 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g, respectively. This study revealed that Mexican mint essential oil at 1.25, 1.75 and 2.25 mL/g contained important insecticidal components, which enhanced high toxicity on Callosobruchus maculatus on stored cowpea grains, with no toxic residue of the essential oil in the cowpea grains and no harmful effects on the nutritional components. Therefore, Mexican mint essential oil could give food quality and safety when used as a bio- insecticide to protect cowpea grains in storage.Item Dichlorvos (2, 2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate DDVP (SNIPER)) Toxicity on Histological Organs of Wistar Rats Fed on Treated Cowpea Grains (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)(Macrothink Institute, 2022) Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adebimpe, R. A.; Adebiyi, E. O.; Oshoke, F. I.Cowpea is an important grain legume that provides half of the plant protein and is consumed worldwide. The crop is usually affected by pests on the field and in storage which always result in huge losses, hence being controlled by using synthetic pesticides. However, consumption of cowpea grains treated with synthetic pesticides had resulted in bioaccumulation and several health-related problems. Therefore, this study examined the toxic effects of Dichlorvos (DDVP) treated cowpea grains fed to Wistar rats for four weeks. Sixteen male rats weighing 125±20g were used for this experiment. They were randomly divided into four groups of four rats each including the control and acclimatised for one week fed with Standard Feed Ratio (SFR). The DDVP (98% purity) was applied at the rates of 0 (control), 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43mL/kg directly to 1kg cowpea grains of IT 89k-391, respectively. Treated cowpea grains were milled (with a 2 mm sieve) and mixed with SFR and fed to the animals daily for four weeks. Data were collected weeks after treatment (WAT) on feed intake, body weight gain/loss, hematology, and, serum chemistry and analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05, while histopathology was examined. Results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all the parameters. There was a reduction in feed intake and body weights progressively in DDVP cowpea treated animals, while the control animals increased. Hematological parameters showed 0.23 mL/kg DDVP recording the highest hemoglobin (g/dl) (17.00±1.16), while the lowest value in white blood cells (1100±5.78 x 103/μL), and 0.43 mL/kg recorded the lowest and highest red blood cells (103/μL) (5.34±0.78) and (8.83±0.23) all between 1 and 4 WAT. Serum parameters revealed Total protein having lowest values (5.22±0.01, 5.13±0.01, 5.18±0.01) from 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43 mL/kg DDVP treated animals. Alkaline phosphate, Aspartate aminotransferase, and Alanine transaminase recorded the highest values from 0.43 and 0.33 mL/kg treatments at 3 and 4 WAT, respectively. Histopathology at 1 to 4 WAT revealed capillary congestion with necrotic changes, severe cell infiltration of interstitial and parenchyma with inflammatory cells in the kidneys of 0.23, and 0.33 mL/kg DDVP cowpea fed animals. On liver organs, 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43 mL/kg treatments showed necrosis, vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, and congestion with distinct cysts and granular formation. The central portions of livers were pale and distinct patterns of arrangement in cords were absent. However, the control animals recorded the highest values in the aforementioned parameters with clear and normal liver and kidney organs in the experiment. In this study, varied changes observed on the hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological parameters at 0.23, 0.33, and 0.43 mL/kg dichlorvos (DDVP) treated cowpea grains could result in impairment of vital organs, hence ill health issues. Continued use of dichlorvos for cowpea grains in preservation should be discouraged to prevent health problems and promote high-quality nutrition and safe food.Item Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Celosia argentea L. Grown on Municipal Waste Soils in Ibadan, Nigeria.(2017) Fadina, O. O.; Ibrahim, M. A.; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Ibrahim, M.; Bulama-Modu, M.; Gangpete, S. I.This paper assessed the appropriateness of dumpsites in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA). The bioaccumulation and potential heavy metal-toxicity risk of consuming Celosia argentea L. grown on four different dumpsites soils (Ajibode, Sasa, Moniya and Akinyele) and reference soil from University of Ibadan Training and Research Farm was also evaluated. The soil samples were analysed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). None of the heavy metals was above European Union (EU) guidelines for safe limits of soil heavy metals in agricultural soils. The Pollution Load Indices (PLIS) were mostly>1, which indicated the deterioration of the sites quality in relation to specific heavy metal(s); ranging between 0.92-13.1. The daily intake of heavy metals (DIMs) and Health Risk Indices (HRIS) were evaluated based on the maximum recommended limit (MRL) by WHO/FAO standard. Most of the heavy metals were significantly low, but lead (Pb) was above the MRL. HRIS were between 0.02-0.03, 0.07- 0.11, 0.61-4.43 and 0.03-0.04 for Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn respectively, Ni was found to have insignificant level (<0.0001). Only lead (Pb) has potential health risk (HRI>1) in all the sites except Moniya (0.61; HRI<1, safe) which might be as a result of vehicular exhaust and type of waste disposed. Soil test to ascertain the pollution status and crop type to produce should precede cropping have been recommendedItem Sub-chronic toxicity study of synthetic Pyrethroids (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) on reproductive organs of male Wistar rats(2016) Pesticides constitute the most widespread environmental contaminants due to their ubiquitous use in all aspect of human endeavors. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC), a synthetic pyrethroid has widely been used for pest control. Human and animals are occasionally and unintentionally exposed to lethal and sub-lethal doses of pesticides stemming from its various uses to control pests both in agriculture and public health. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of LTC in male reproductivity through testicular tests. The study also investigated the haematological, serum biochemistry and histological effects of sub-chronic concentrations of LTC on male rats. Twenty-five 7-weeks-old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 was the control group, which received distilled water. Experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received by gavage 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg LTC body weight, respectively, of LTC over a period of five weeks. Histopathological studies were carried out on the testes and seminal vesicles at the end of the experiment. A significant decrease in the absolute weight of testes and seminal vesicles, sperm count, sperm motility and L-D ratio was observed. The results obtained also show marked degeneration of spermatogenic cells associated with interstitial necrosis and congestion with interstitial diffuse edema in the testis of the rat treated with LTC. A typical dose-dependent hyperplasia and degeneration of the seminal vesicles was found in all LTC treated rats with 100 mg/kg body weight and 25 mg/kg body weight having the highest and lowest toxicity level respectively, when compared with that of Group 1. It can be concluded that LTC is highly toxic and may induce poor fertility, cell damage and anaemic conditions in exposed rats.Pesticides constitute the most widespread environmental contaminants due to their ubiquitous use in all aspect of human endeavors. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC), a synthetic pyrethroid has widely been used for pest control. Human and animals are occasionally and unintentionally exposed to lethal and sub-lethal doses of pesticides stemming from its various uses to control pests both in agriculture and public health. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of LTC in male reproductivity through testicular tests. The study also investigated the haematological, serum biochemistry and histological effects of sub-chronic concentrations of LTC on male rats. Twenty-five 7-weeks-old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 was the control group, which received distilled water. Experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received by gavage 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg LTC body weight, respectively, of LTC over a period of five weeks. Histopathological studies were carried out on the testes and seminal vesicles at the end of the experiment. A significant decrease in the absolute weight of testes and seminal vesicles, sperm count, sperm motility and L-D ratio was observed. The results obtained also show marked degeneration of spermatogenic cells associated with interstitial necrosis and congestion with interstitial diffuse edema in the testis of the rat treated with LTC. A typical dose-dependent hyperplasia and degeneration of the seminal vesicles was found in all LTC treated rats with 100 mg/kg body weight and 25 mg/kg body weight having the highest and lowest toxicity level respectively, when compared with that of Group 1. It can be concluded that LTC is highly toxic and may induce poor fertility, cell damage and anaemic conditions in exposed rats.Item Effects of Dichlorvos (DDVP) on the Haematology properties of Wistar rats(Delta State University, 2015) Olaoye, S. O.; Fadina, O. O.; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adedire, O. M.; Ogundipe, W. F.; Fajobi, A. K.; Farinu, A. O.The potential sub-chronic toxicological effects of oral administration of Dichlorvos (DDVP) on wistar rats was investigated for a period of 6 weeks. Thirty-two (32) wistar rats (equal number of both sexes) were uniformly divided into two groups while each group comprised of 4 divisions with four rats each. At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and haematological test was carried out to investigate the possible toxicological effects of the oral administration of the pesticide on the rats. Results generally showed a dose- dependent response with PCV, Hb. RBC and Plat values that are significantly different from each other (P<0.05) among the male rats while PCV and RBC values are significantly different from each other (P<0.05) while all other haematological parameters in both sexes showed no significant difference from each other at P<0.05. This result suggests that ingestion of the pesticide (Dichlorvos) may not be toxic at the doses investigated.Item Toxicity Assessment of Sub Lethal Doses of Chlorpyrifos on the Kidney and Liver Organs of Male Wistar Rats(2017) Fayinminnu, O. O; Tijani, S. O; Fadina, O.OChlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide is an important neurotoxic and tissue damage agent. It is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural applications globally. Repeated doses of chlorpyrifos have been able to cause significant disturbances on the biochemical and physiological functions of the blood, and histological abnormalities in livers and kidneys exposed to this insecticide. The toxicities of sub lethal oral administration of chlorpyrifos daily for 28 days were assessed using a completely randomized design. Twenty-five albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200 g divided into five groups containing five rats each were housed in the Central Animal house of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Chlorpyrifos at 0 (control), 18.9, 25.9, 32.2 and 39.2 mg/kg were orally administered to male rats, respectively for four weeks, between the months of May and June, 2014. At the end of the experimental period, the toxicities of chlorpyrifos were assessed in rats using haematology, serum liver enzymes and histopathological assays. Results revealed significant reduction in body weights compared to control. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes (Lymp) also showed significant reduction at 39.2, 25.9 and 32.2 mg/kg (39.33, 45.40 and 44.80%), respectively compared to control (49.67%). Insecticide administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from 32.2, 39.2 and 25.9 mg/kg dosages, (ranged from 294.94-542.00 u/L for AST and from 96.25-130.77 u/L for ALT), respectively. Also, experimental treated groups exhibited marked of total protein and altered albumin and globulin contents compared to control. Studies revealed dose dependent increase of histopathological alterations. The livers showed moderate vacuolar change of hepatocytes, having a finely reticulated cytoplasmic and congestion of central veins. The kidneys showed mild focal sloughing off of tubular epithelium of renal cortex, fluid in tubular lumen, tubules appearing dilated and cystic (nephrosis) and proteinaeceous fluid in Bowman's capsule and compressing the glomerulus tufts (Esinophilic). Different concentrations of chlorpyrifos including the lowest tested dose produced marked alterations in the exposed animals in this study and thereby affecting the overall performance in terms of health and wellbeing. Thus, this could cause similar health and environmental risks to humans even at the lowest dose.Item Health risk of heavy metals in celosia argentea L. Grown on municipal Waste soils in Ibadan, Nigeria(2017) Fadina, O.O; Ibrahim, M. A; Fayinminnu, O. O; Bulama-Modu, M.M; Gangpete, S.IThis paper assessed the appropriateness of dumpsites in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA). The bioaccumulation and potential heavy metal-toxicity risk of consuming Celosia argentea L. grown on four different dumpsites soils (Ajibode, Sasa, Moniya and Akinyele) and reference soil from University of Ibadan Training and Research Farm was also evaluated. The soil samples were analysed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). None of the heavy metals was above European Union (EU) guidelines for safe limits of soil heavy metals in agricultural soils. The Pollution Load Indices (PLIs) were mostly>l, which indicated the deterioration of the sites quality in relation to specific heavy metal(s); ranging between 0.92-13.1. The daily intake of heavy metals (DIMs) and Health Risk Indices (HRIs) were evaluated based on the maximum recommended limit (MRL) by WHO/FAO standard. Most of the heavy metals were significantly low, but lead (Pb) was above the MRL. HRIs were between 0.02-0.03, 0.070.11, 0.61-4.43 and 0.03-0.04 for Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn respectively, Ni was found to have insignificant level (<0.0001). Only lead (Pb) has potential health risk (HRI>1) in all the sites except Moniya (0.61; HRI<1, safe) which might be as a result of vehicular exhaust and type of waste disposed. Soil test to ascertain the pollution status and crop type to produce should precede cropping have been recommendedItem Toxicity assessment of sub lethal doses of chlorpyrifos on the kidney and liver organs of male wistar rats(2017) Fayinminu, O. O.; Tijani, S. O; Fadina, O.OChlorpyrifos, an organophosphate pesticide is an important neurotoxic and tissue damage agent. It is one of the most heavily used pesticides in domestic and agricultural applications globally. Repeated doses of chlorpyrifos have been able to cause significant disturbances on the biochemical and physiological functions of the blood, and histological abnormalities in livers and kidneys exposed to this insecticide. The toxicities of sub lethal oral administration of chlorpyrifos daily for 28 days were assessed using a completely randomized design. Twenty-five albino Wistar rats weighing between 150-200 g divided into five groups containing five rats each were housed in the Central Animal house of College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Chlorpyrifos at 0 (control), 18.9, 25.9, 32.2 and 39.2 mg/kg were orally administered to male rats, respectively for four weeks, between the months of May and June, 2014. At the end of the experimental period, the toxicities of chlorpyrifos were assessed in rats using haematology, serum liver enzymes and histopathological assays. Results revealed significant reduction in body weights compared to control. The packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) and lymphocytes (Lymp) also showed significant reduction at 39.2, 25.9 and 32.2 mg/kg (39.33, 45.40 and 44.80%), respectively compared to control (49.67%). Insecticide administration to rats resulted in significant elevation of serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from 32.2, 39.2 and 25.9 mg/kg dosages, (ranged from 294.94-542.00 u/L for AST and from 96.25-130.77 u/L for ALT), respectively. Also, experimental treated groups exhibited marked of total protein and altered albumin and globulin contents compared to control. Studies revealed dose dependent increase of histopathological alterations. The livers showed moderate vacuolar change of hepatocytes, having a finely reticulated cytoplasmic and congestion of central veins. The kidneys showed mild focal sloughing off of tubular epithelium of renal cortex, fluid in tubular lumen, tubules appearing dilated and cystic (nephrosis) and proteinaeceous fluid in Bowman's capsule and compressing the glomerulus tufts (Esinophilic). Different concentrations of chlorpyrifos including the lowest tested dose produced marked alterations in the exposed animals in this study and thereby affecting the overall performance in terms of health and wellbeing. Thus, this could cause similar health and environmental risks to humans even at the lowest doseItem Sub-chronic toxicity study of synthetic Pyrethroids (Lambda-cyhalothrin) on reproductive organs of male Wistar rats(2016) Oshoke, F. I; Fadina, O.O; Fayinminnu, O. O.Pesticides constitute the most widespread environmental contaminants due to their ubiquitous use in all aspect of human endeavors. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC), a synthetic pyrethroid has widely been used for pest control. Human and animals are occasionally and unintentionally exposed to lethal and sub-lethal doses of pesticides stemming from its various uses to control pests both in agriculture and public health. The objective of the study was to evaluate the toxicity of LTC in male reproductivity through testicular tests. The study also investigated the haematological, serum biochemistry and histological effects of sub-chronic concentrations of LTC on male rats. Twenty-five 7-weeks-old male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were randomly assigned to five groups. Group 1 was the control group, which received distilled water. Experimental groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received by gavage 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg LTC body weight, respectively, of LTC over a period of five weeks. Histopathological studies were carried out on the testes and seminal vesicles at the end of the experiment. A significant decrease in the absolute weight of testes and seminal vesicles, sperm count, sperm motility and L-D ratio was observed. The results obtained also show marked degeneration of spermatogenic cells associated with interstitial necrosis and congestion with interstitial diffuse edema in the testis of the rat treated with LTC. A typical dose-dependent hyperplasia and degeneration of the seminal vesicles was found in all LTC treated rats with 100 mg/kg body weight and 25 mg/kg body weight having the highest and lowest toxicity level respectively, when compared with that of Group 1. It can be concluded that LTC is highly toxic and may induce poor fertility, cell damage and anaemic conditions in exposed rats.Item Effects of dichlorvos (DDV P) on the haematological properties of wistar rats(2015) Olaoye, S. O; Fadina, O.O; Fayinminnu, O. O.; Adedire, O. M.; Ogundipe, W. F; Fajobi, A. K.; Farinu, A. OThe potential sub-chronic toxicological effects of oral administration of Dichlorvos (DDVP) on wistar rats was investigated for a period of 6 weeks. Thirty-two (32) wistar rats (equal number of both sexes) were uniformly divided into two groups while each comprised of 4 divisions with four rats each, At the end of experiment, animals were sacrificed and heamatogical test was carried out to investigate the possible toxicological effects of the oral administration of the pesticide on the rats. Results generally showed a dose-pendant response with PCV, Kb, RBC and Plan values that are significantly different from each (P<0.05) among the male rats while PCV and RBC values are significantly different from each other (P<0.05) while all other heamatological parameters in both sexes showed no significantly difference from each other at P<0.05. This result suggests that ingestion of the pesticides (Dichlorvos) may not be toxic at the doses investigated